Acute experiments on cats under chloralose anesthesia were designed to study the role of the brain stem in the transmission of the interhemispheric delayed response (IDR). Experiments on interaction of potentials recorded in brain stem and at cortex led to the conclusion that the IDR is relayed to the contra-lateral hemisphere via routes which pass through the general area of the mesencephalic ...

During aroused states of the brain, electroencephalographic activity is characterized by fast, irregular fluctuations of low amplitude, which are thought to reflect desynchronization of neuronal activity. This phenomenon seems at odds with the proposal that synchronization of cortical responses may play an important role in the processing of sensory signals. Here, activation of the mesencephali...

As a key part of the brain's reward system, midbrain dopamine neurons are thought to generate signals that reflect errors in the prediction of reward. However, recent evidence suggests that "upstream" brain areas may make important contributions to the generation of prediction error signals. To address this issue, we recorded neural activity in midbrain reticular formation (MRNm) while rats per...

Background: Amyloid fibrils are insoluble arranged aggregates of proteins that are fibrillar in structure and related to many diseases (at least 20 types of illnesses) and also create many pathologic conditions. Therefore understanding the circumstance of fibril formation is very important.Objectives: This study aims to work on fibrillar structure formation of fibroin (as a model protein)...

The basic chemical structure of most prostate specific membrane antigen (PSMA) inhibitors which are now in pre-clinical and clinical studies is Glu-Ureido-based peptides. Synthesis of urea-based PSMA inhibitors includes two steps: 1- isocyanate intermediate formation and 2- urea bond formation. In current methods, isocyanate is formed in liquid phase and then reacts with amine existing in liqui...

The basic chemical structure of most prostate specific membrane antigen (PSMA) inhibitors which are now in pre-clinical and clinical studies is Glu-Ureido-based peptides. Synthesis of urea-based PSMA inhibitors includes two steps: 1- isocyanate intermediate formation and 2- urea bond formation. In current methods, isocyanate is formed in liquid phase and then reacts with amine existing in liqui...

The 25-35 fragment of the amyloid β (Aβ) peptide is a naturally occurring proteolytic by-product of its larger parent molecule that retains the amyloid characteristics and toxicity of the full length parent molecule. Aggregation of this peptide occurs rapidly in aqueous solutions and thus characterization of its folding process is very difficult. In the present study, early stages of Aβ(25–35) ...

We investigate the growth of matter density perturbations as well as the generalized second law (GSL) of thermodynamics in the framework of f(R)-gravity. We consider a spatially flat FRW universe filled with the pressureless matter and radiation which is enclosed by the dynamical apparent horizon with the Hawking temperature. For some viable f(R) models containing the Starobinsky, Hu-Sawicki, Exp...