All except one of these routes will mark detours, i.e. not the shortest connection between origin and destination. The proposed assignment method is intended to work with common operational models of pedestrian dynamics. These – as mentioned before – usually send pedestrians into the direction of the spatially shortest path. Thus, all detouring routes have to be equipped with intermediate desti...

OBJECTIVE To construct a set of guidelines for data collection from medical records. STUDY DESIGN AND SETTING Retrospective analysis of clinical data is often performed by physician-scientists. In such research, the source of clinical data is the patient's medical record; however, medical records are intended for patient care and the data are not systematically recorded for research purposes....

One of the major goals of the Sustainable Agriculture Farming initiatives at UC Davis is to provide information about the feasibility of adopting conservation tillage and cover cropping at the farm level. The project includes two tillage schemes: standard tillage (ST) and conservation tillage (CT), and three farming methods: conventional, organic, and winter legume cover crop. All three product...

Global biodiversity continues along a trajectory of decline despite enormous conservation efforts (Rands et al., 2010). This is also true in China, one of the most biodiversity-rich countries in the world (Liu and Raven, 2010; Ministry of Environmental Protection of China, 2010a). To fundamentally change this trajectory, it is essential to understand complex interactions among various forces af...

Bone exhibits a great ability for endogenous self-healing. Nevertheless, impaired bone regeneration and healing is on the rise due to population aging, increasing incidence of bone trauma and the clinical need for the development of alternative options to autologous bone grafts. Current strategies, including several biomolecules, cellular therapies, biomaterials, and different permutations of t...

Community water supply programmes in developing countries frequently utilise wells or boreholes equipped with handpumps as the technology of choice. Whilst simple targets concerning numbers of wells to be drilled, or villages to be served, are often prominent, the wider objectives of such programmes are rarely expressed in quantified terms, and as a consequence programme impact is often disappo...