Colletotrichum orbiculare is the causative agent of anthracnose disease on cucurbitaceous plants. Several signaling pathways, including cAMP-PKA and mitogen-activating protein kinase (MAPK) pathways are involved in the infection-related morphogenesis and pathogenicity of C. orbiculare. However, upstream regulators of these pathways for this species remain unidentified. In this study, CoIRA1, en...

in this study, the effect of irrigation regimes and plant nutrition were evaluated as split plot arrangment based on randomized complete block design with three replications in 2010. treatments consisted of irrigation regimes at three levels: well-irrigation, irrigation disruption at vegetative growth stage, and irrigation disruption at reproductive growth stage as main plots and combination of...

background and objective: time-temperature indicators are used in smart packaging, and described as intelligent tools attached to the label of food products to monitor their timetemperature history. since the previous studies on microbial time-temperature indicators were only based on ph-dependent changes, and they were long-time response indicators, in the present work, a new microbial time-te...

In a previous review of male gametophyte development (McCormick, 1993), it was noted that the two areas posed by Mascarenhas (1975) as fruitful areas for future research were the following. What are the differences in the two cytoplasms that determine the different cell fates of the generative and vegetative cells? And what are the functions of pollen-specific proteins? Now, 10 years later, the...

The cells of an L-form strain of Streptomyces hygroscopicus have been grown for 20 years without a cell wall. Their cytoplasmic membranes have high stability and an unusual structural polymorphism. To clarify the importance of the lipid components for these membrane properties, a comparative analysis has been carried out with purified membranes of L-form cells, of parent vegetative hyphal cells...

to study the population structure of gibberella fujikuroi species complex, the causal agent of rice foot rot, samples were taken from different rice growing regions of guilan province in 2004. among fourty-one isolates recovered from different cultivars; three isolates did not produce microconidial chain. in order to study the sexual fertility and determine the mating type as well as mating pop...