Speed and accuracy of protein synthesis are fundamental parameters for the fitness of living cells, the quality control of translation, and the evolution of ribosomes. The ribosome developed complex mechanisms that allow for a uniform recognition and selection of any cognate aminoacyl-tRNA (aa-tRNA) and discrimination against any near-cognate aa-tRNA, regardless of the nature or position of the...

Single-molecule imaging is a powerful technique to visualize molecular interactions and movements. Translation is one of the most interesting targets for researchers with the molecular-imaging skills, since mRNA, tRNA and translation factors interact with or move inside or on the ribosome in an ordered manner. Trans-translation is a bacterial quality control system to rescue the ribosomes stall...

We describe experiments on quality estimation to select the best translation among multiple options for a given source sentence. We consider a realistic and challenging setting where the translation systems used are unknown, and no relative quality assessments are available for the training of prediction models. Our findings indicate that prediction errors are higher in this blind setting. Howe...

PURPOSE Although the inclusion of non-native-speaking participants in nursing research is important in every country where nursing research takes place, the literature contains little on the method of achieving quality translation while simultaneously addressing cost containment. We describe a process for evaluating translation adequacy and demonstrate its use in comparing procedures for transl...

This paper discusses the acceptability of Near Human Quality machine translation. It defines Near Human Quality and provides examples of cases where Near Human Quality machine translation is acceptable. The paper assumes that there are programs capable of generating Near Human Quality output after some customization. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the acceptability of Near Human Qualit...

Machine translation of patent documents is very important from a practical point of view. One of the key technologies for improving machine translation quality is the utilization of syntax. It is difficult to select the appropriate parser for patent translation because the effects of each parser on patent translation are not clear. This paper provides comparative evaluation of several state-of-...

Well aware of the difficulties involved in integrating translating models and quality systems, we offer an overview of relevant developments in the field. Particular emphasis is placed on the pragmatic connotations of translation and on the methodological aspects of the Quality Paradigm, an approach to documentary translation that focuses activity on the target user.