It is well known that Martin-Löf randomness can be characterized by a number of equivalent test concepts, based either on effective nullsets (Martin-Löf and Solovay tests) or on prefix-free Kolmogorov complexity (lower and upper entropy). These equivalences are not preserved as regards the partial randomness notions induced by effective Hausdorff measures or partial incompressibility. Tadaki [2...

Let F = 〈F,R〉 be a finite Kripke frame. A congruence of F is a bisimulation of F that is also an equivalence relation on F. The set of all congruences of F is a lattice under the inclusion ordering. In this article we investigate this lattice in the case that F is a finite linear frame. We give concrete descriptions of the join and meet of two congruences with a nontrivial upper bound. Through ...

In this paper, absorbing Markov chain models are developed to determine the optimum process mean levels for both a single-stage and a serial two-stage production system in which items are inspected for conformity with their specification limits. When the value of the quality characteristic of an item falls below a lower limit, the item is scrapped. If it falls above an upper limit, the item is ...

We make a case for the existence for ultra-massive black holes (UMBHs) in the Universe, but argue that there exists a likely upper limit to black hole masses of the order of M ∼ 1010M⊙. We show that there are three strong lines of argument that predicate the existence of UMBHs: (i) expected as a natural extension of the observed black hole mass bulge luminosity relation, when extrapolated to th...

Size specification of macromolecular assemblies in the cytoplasm is poorly understood [1]. In principle, assemblies could scale with cell size or use intrinsic mechanisms. For the mitotic spindle, scaling with cell size is expected, because the function of this assembly is to physically move sister chromatids into the center of nascent daughter cells. Eggs of Xenopus laevis are among the larges...

Background: There are no safe operations in cardiac surgery. Every operation can possibly go wrong. We therefore retrospectively evaluated all cardiac operations lasting more than 300 minutes of bypass time at our institution to evaluate outcome and factors relevant for perioperative mortality and morbidity. Methods: We retrospectively included patients receiving cardiac operations or operation...

By analogy with Earth, methane in the Martian atmosphere is a potential signature of ongoing or past biological activity. During the past decade, Earth-based telescopic observations reported "plumes" of methane of tens of parts per billion by volume (ppbv), and those from Mars orbit showed localized patches, prompting speculation of sources from subsurface bacteria or nonbiological sources. Fro...