We investigate how explicit performance incentives in incomplete employment contracts interact with agents’ voluntary cooperation in one-shot and repeated gift-exchange experiments. If contracts are incentive compatible, agents choose their best-reply effort and there is no voluntary cooperation. By contrast, there is substantial voluntary cooperation if the contract is not incentive compatible...

TO THE EDITOR: Enoka and Duchateau (2) correctly call for caution when interpreting voluntary surface electromyography (sEMG) in terms of neural drive. If voluntary sEMG signals recorded during nonfatiguing isometric contractions depend on the number of motor units recruited, their firing rate, and their size (5), modeling found no direct association between neural drive and voluntary sEMG ampl...

Reflexive saccades (fast eye movements) and voluntary saccades activate overlapping parts of the oculomotor system. It is assumed that striatal dopamine depletion in Parkinson's disease (PD) only affects the voluntary saccadic system and that the often-reported facilitation of the reflexive saccadic system in PD is secondary to impairment of the voluntary saccadic system. If this assumption is ...

Introduction: Previous studies demonstrated that forced and voluntary exercise had ameliorative effects on behavioral tasks followed by Sleep Deprivation (SD) in intact female rats. The main goal of this research was evaluating the impact of voluntary exercise on cognitive functions while SD and ovariectomization is induced in female wistar rats. Methods: The rats were anesthesized combining d...

Many organizational and environmental factors affect the information disclosure and the quality of its presentation; organizational culture is the most important factor among these factors. The organizational culture that is based on transparency will provide the information environment dynamism and it will also lead to the improvement of the quality of information disclosure by the business un...