BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene) concentrations, factors affecting their levels, and the exposure risks related to these compounds were studied in waterpipe (Ghalyun/Hookah) cafés of Ardabil city in Islamic Republic of Iran. 81 waterpipe cafés from different districts of Ardabil city were selected and their ambient air was monitored for BTEX compounds. Air samples were taken fro...

Background & Objective: Micronucleus assay of buccal mucosa cells is a simple bio- monitoring method for diagnosing the genetic damages of toxic agents. The aim was to study the genotox...

introduction: as far as application of chemicals as disinfectants may have side effects on human health and causes drug resistance, the topic of herbal and natural products has been investigated in recent researches. nevertheless, application of medicinal smokes in the treatment of many diseases, including bacterial and infectious diseases has long been popular in iran. smoke from the burning o...

BACKGROUND During the last two decades, waterpipe tobacco smoking (WTS), also known as hookah, witnessed a global increase in use, especially among youth. Little information is known about the burden of WTS among Palestinian youth. A cross-sectional study was conducted to estimate the prevalence of WTS and cigarette smoking and explore the associated factors among a sample of Palestinian univer...

background rheumatic diseases are chronic diseases, which may be associated with severe and debilitating pain. objectives the purpose of this study was to examine the prevalence of tobacco and opioid use among rheumatic patients. patients and methods in this cross-sectional study, 1042 patients referred to a major rheumatology clinic of kerman city, in south east of iran, were interviewed. pati...