PURPOSE To compare reaction time (RT) to rod incremental and decremental stimuli expressed in physical contrast units or psychophysical threshold units. METHODS Rod contrast detection thresholds and suprathreshold RTs were measured for Rapid-On and Rapid-Off ramp stimuli. RESULTS Threshold sensitivity to Rapid-Off stimuli was higher than to Rapid-On stimuli. Suprathreshold RTs specified in ...

Gated recurrent units (GRUs) are specialized memory elements for building neural networks. Despite their incredible success on various tasks, including extracting dynamics underlying data, little is understood about the specific representable in a GRU network. As result, it both difficult to know priori how successful network will perform given task, and also capacity mimic behavior of biologic...

Due to uncertain nature of wind and photovoltaic power units, the participation of this units in electricity markets is subjected to significant deviation penalties. This issue leads to despondency or even admission of these units in the competitive environment. With regard to this fact that the low deviations are available when predictions are performed in a short-term horizon and also distrib...