We propose new definitions of actual causes and explanations, using structural equations to model counterfactuals. We show that these definitions yield a plausible and elegant account of causation and explanation that handles well examples which have caused problems for other definitions and resolves major difficulties in the traditional account. Supported in part by NSF under grant IRI-96-2590...

PANCREATIC PSEUDOCYST – ACTUAL THERAPEUTIC OPTIONS (Abstract): BACKGROUND: Pancreatic pseudocyst (PP) is one of the most frequent complications of acute and chronic pancreatitis; patients with these disorders often benefit from interventional treatment, or minimally invasive surgery. Progress of new minimally invasive interventional techniques (endoscopic internal drainage, external drainage gu...

In the present context, ‘model’ is expressed as a computer program that can be repeatedly run several times for computing designed mathematical or statistical expressions (equations) governing crop growth-environment relations, given appropriate input data. The experiment station yields obtained under rainfed situation without any nutrient deficiency mostly considered potential of crops. Actual...

Tree mapping grammars are used in natural language generation (NLG) to map non-linguistic input onto a derivation tree from which the target text can be trivially read off as the terminal yield. Such grammars may consist of a large number of rules. Finding errors is quite tedious and sometimes very time-consuming. Often the generation fails because the relevant input subtree is not specified co...

Neutralization of Acidic Sulfur Species by Calcite in Mineral Aerosols Collected in China and Japan Studied by Ca K-Edge X-Ray Absorption Near-Edge Structure Spectroscopy X-ray absorption near-edge structure studies at the calcium K-edge have been used to show that acidic sulfur species in the atmosphere (e.g., H2SO4), mainly released by human activities, can be neutralized by the calcite prese...

of motifs from pagan healing cults by the Christians, and it is good to have a further archaeological demonstration of the same point. This rivalry may go some way to explain the total destruction at Pergamum of all artistic representations of Asclepius of Pergamum, for which we have to rely on statues and coins from Thrace and the Black Sea region and on the late testimony of an Arabic scholar...

In this study, the tensile strength, impact strength, and the hardness of the weld are determined. A criterion is proposed for describing the effect of residual stress on the weld mechanical properties. Dimensionless parameters such as Rya (the average of residual stress over the material yield strength), Rym (the maximum residual stress over the material yield strength), ...

it’s obvious that road safety is causing large problems and costs in iran with an enormous impact on the well-being of people, economy and productivity. the yearly number of fatalities and injuries is still unchanged. motor vehicle injuries lead the list of injury deaths at the all ages during childhood and adolescence, even in children under 1 yrs of age. understanding the actual of child road...

Yield gap analyses of individual crops have been used to estimate opportunities for increasing crop production at local to global scales, thus providing information crucial to food security. However, increases in crop production can also be achieved by improving cropping system yield through modification of spatial and temporal arrangement of individual crops. In this paper we define the croppi...

a mathematical model for commercial naphtha catalytic reformer of tehran refinery was developed. this model includes three sequencing fixed beds of pt/al2o3 catalyst at the steady state condition using detailed kinetic scheme involving 26 pseudo-components connected by a network of 47 reactions, in the range of c6 to c9 hydrocarbons. the reaction network consisted dehydrogenation, hydrogenation...