abstract the main purpose of this research was the analysis of economic effects of fish farming pools establishment in ardal county of chaharemahal and bakhtiyari province. this research was a sort of survey search measure and a questionnaire was compiled for collecting of data. statistical society of this study was included of 171 fish farming units that 75 units were chosen by random sampling...

this paper explores the effects of general and agricultural trade openness on economic freedom and alongside with the quality of institutions, on income and poverty. recent cross-country data for over 200 nations in global regions were used to estimate equations for income, poverty and economic freedom. economic freedom appears to have positive impacts on income levels, which together with good...

In this paper we investigate income effects on education expenditures in Mexico. We use the Encuesta Nacional de Ingresos y Gastos de Hogares (ENIGH) from 1984 until 2004. Specifically, we conduct a test of Friedman’s Permanent Income Hypothesis by exploring the difference in the effects of remittances and other types of income on human capital investment in Mexico. In order to identify the per...

Guaraná is considered an ideal crop for supplementing the incomes of small peasant farmers in the Amazon basin. A fast-growing perennial, guaraná can be planted in the midst of manioc crops, allowing the formation of extensive orchards in the place of regenerating scrub once the manioc has been harvested. Traditional forms of guaraná agriculture practised by the Saterê-Mawé Indians compare favo...

Crop insurance is an appropriate way to overcome the risk in agricultural production sector and increase farmer’s peace of mind for their future income. In the agricultural sector of Kohgiluyeh and Boyer Ahmad, the risk of production is high due to the substantial losses of crops and other diseases and so is the income risk. Since most local farmers have low incomes and livelihoods, natural dis...

1. The export sector is the fundamental source of both wealth and inequality: You are what you export. Exporting manufactures has been essential for high incomes and low levels of inequality. Exporting crops and raw materials comes with low incomes and unequal income distributions. 2. The mix of exports is determined by three fundamentals: Resources, Remoteness, and Climate. Manufacturing likes...

Given the multi-sectoral nature of nutrition, there are a range of policies on food, agriculture, trade, prices and incomes, health, and food safety that have an impact on nutrition. Greater progress can be expected if food safety and nutrition objectives, concerns and considerations are explicitly integrated into national policies on agriculture and food systems. The Second International Confe...

As the demand for food and fiber grew during the past 300 years, because of the Earth’s expanding human population and rising per capita incomes, society met this demand first by increasing the land area under cultivation and later by improving crops so that their yields were higher. Before 1900, land was abundant almost everywhere, and in the United States, new lands were brought into producti...

a r t i c l e i n f o The notion that people with higher income are more concerned about environmental problems is deeply entrenched in economics and some other disciplines. Studies have shown a positive income effect on the intention to pay for environmental improvement. Perception of environmental risk, however, follows a different pattern of variation. This paper demonstrates a negative inco...

Coffee berry disease (CBD), caused by Colletotrichum kahawae, is a major constraint for Arabica coffee cultivation in Africa. The disease is specific to green berries and can lead to 60% harvest losses. In Cameroon, mixed cropping systems of coffee with other crops, such as fruit trees, are very widespread agricultural practices. Fruit trees are commonly planted at random on coffee farms, provi...