There are several conflicting evidences showing the effect of morphine on learning and memory processes. In the present study the effect of chronic morphine administration on passive avoidance, active avoidance and spatial learning and memory of morphine dependent male rats using Passive Avoidance shuttle box and Morris Water Maze tasks were investigated, respectively. Male rats received morphi...

This study investigated the development of clear speech strategies in children. Groups of 20 talkers aged 9-10 and 1314 years were recorded in pairs while they carried out ‘spot the difference’ picture tasks, either while hearing each other normally (‘no barrier’) or when one talker heard the other via a noise vocoder (VOC), which led their interlocutor (‘talker A’) to clarify their speech to m...

iranian traditional cities were created with a system based on experiments and gradual establishment of society through time. qajar era is especially important in iranian art history. until mid qajar era, iranian cities’s architecture mainly took benefit of its common traditional architecture that is already seen in most desert-surrounding cities. till this era, there was not any connection bet...

the hippocampal system plays an important role in memory function. neurohormones like androgens and estrogens that syntheses in hippocampus have an important role in learning and memory. many biological effects of estrogens in the brain via estrogenic receptors (ers) are investigated. the current research has conducted to assess the effect of estrogenic receptors on spatial discrimination in ra...