In two studies, the relationship between adolescent athletes’ skill development and perceived coach behavior as well as motivation climate was investigated. In Study 1, 119 (61 male, 58 female) competitive swimmers from various clubs with a mean age of 12.5 years responded twice with a one year interval to the Leadership Scale for Sports and the Perceived Motivational Climate in Sport Questionn...

The sport nutrition and doping are known to be important issues in sports, but there is evident lack of studies which investigated those issues in swimming, especially with regard to parallel analysis of coaches and athletes. The first aim of this study was to compare knowledge of swimming coaches and their athletes about nutrition and doping. Also, we have identified interrelationships between...

BACKGROUND The concept of mental toughness (MT) has gained increasing importance among groups other than elite athletes by virtue of its psychological importance and explanatory power for a broad range of health-related behaviors. However, no study has focused so far on the psychological origins of MT. Therefore, the aims of the present study were: to explore, to what extent the psychological p...

Methods A total of 29 patients with DM treated with insulin (20 men, mean age 62 ± 10 years, mean ±SD) and 10 healthy, adult subjects (4 men, mean age 54 ± 4 years) were studied using a commercial whole-body 3.0 Tesla MRI system. In 13 (45%) patients with diabetes CAD was known (mean age 62 ± 10 years); in 16 (55%) DM patients CAD was absent (mean age 62 ± 11 years). The presence of CAD was def...

Background: The purpose of the study was (1) to examine the changes in participation and performance of males and females at the Oita International Wheelchair Marathon in Oita, Japan, between 1983 and 2011, and (2) to analyze the gender difference in the age of peak wheelchair marathon performance. Methods: Age and time performance data for all wheelchair athletes completing the Oita Internatio...

OBJECTIVES To determine whether the heart rate (HR) response to exercise in 21 highly trained cyclists (mean (SD) age 25 (3) years) was related to their heart dimensions. METHODS Before performing an incremental exercise test involving a ramp protocol with workload increases of 25 W/min, each subject underwent echocardiographic evaluation of the following variables: left ventricular end diast...

Abstract Sexual diversity in the world of sport has not been widely researched Spanish context. Studies on national and international sexual tend to leave out transgender issues intersexuality. The new framework action International Olympic Committee 2021 advocates for integration non-discrimination based gender identity sex variations sport. We analyzed attitudes toward among a sample PASS uni...

Objectives—To determine whether the heart rate (HR) response to exercise in 21 highly trained cyclists (mean (SD) age 25 (3) years) was related to their heart dimensions. Methods—Before performing an incremental exercise test involving a ramp protocol with workload increases of 25 W/min, each subject underwent echocardiographic evaluation of the following variables: left ventricular end diastol...