while ignoring income distribution and estimating aggregate demand generally leads to aggregation bias and thus, does not reflect households’ demand properly, yet aggregation bias is rarely considered in empirical demand studies and simply is ignored in most cases. the objective of the present study is to estimate aggregation bias in households’ demand for various types of meats and to evaluate...

An intriguing fact about cosmic gas clouds is that they all appear to have neutral (atomic) hydrogen column densities smaller than 1022 cm−2. Observations of damped Lyα (DLA) absorption systems further indicate that the maximum NHI decreases with increasing metallicity. It is generally assumed that this trend is due to a dust-induced selection bias: DLA systems with high NHI and high metallicit...

This paper reports on the absorption of molecular oxygen in the region of the A-band near 760 nm under atmospheric conditions relevant for satellite retrieval studies. We use pulsed laser cavity ring-down spectroscopy with a narrow bandwidth laser and use pressure scans to increase the accuracy of the measured oxygen extinction coefficients. Absolute binary absorption coefficients in minima bet...

[1] We analyze the seasonal variations of Outgoing Longwave Radiation (OLR) accompanying the variations in sea surface temperature (SST) from satellite observations and model simulations, focusing on the tropical oceans where the two quantities are strikingly anti-correlated. A spectral perspective of this ‘‘super-greenhouse effect’’ is provided, which demonstrates the roles of water vapor line...