Cellular metabolism plays a central role in the regulation of both innate and adaptive immunity. Immune cells utilize metabolic pathways to modulate cellular differentiation or death. The intricate interplay between immune response is critical for maintaining homeostasis effective antiviral activities. In recent years, immunometabolism induced by viral infections has been extensively investigat...

BACKGROUND Restoration of impaired immune response in immunocompromised patients is a crucial problem. In this study we evaluated the efficacy of isoxazole R-11 in reconstitution of the immune response in immunosuppressed mice. METHODS Mice were given a sublethal dose (250 mg/kg b.w.) of cyclophosphamide (CP). The cellular immune response to ovalbumin (OVA) and the humoral immune response to ...

Stem cells are regulated by signals from their microenvironment, or niche. During Drosophila hematopoiesis, a niche regulates prohemocytes to control hemocyte production. Immune challenges activate cell-signalling to initiate the cellular and innate immune response. Specifically, certain immune challenges stimulate the niche to produce signals that induce prohemocyte differentiation. However, t...

Drosophila is an extremely useful model organism for understanding how innate immune mechanisms defend against microbes and parasitoids. Large foreign objects trigger a potent cellular immune response in Drosophila larva. In the case of endoparasitoid wasp eggs, this response includes hemocyte proliferation, lamellocyte differentiation and eventual encapsulation of the egg. The encapsulation re...

Memory CD8(+) T cells are an important component of the adaptive immune response against many infections, and understanding how Ag-specific memory CD8(+) T cells are generated and maintained is crucial for the development of vaccines. We recently reported the existence of memory-phenotype, Ag-specific CD8(+) T cells in unimmunized mice (virtual memory or VM cells). However, it was not clear whe...

Objective(s): Protection against leishmaniasis, in the murine model, is dependent on developing a potent CD4+ mediated Th1 type response. Liposomes can be applied as immunoadjuvants to stimulate immune responses to different antigens. In the present study, it was investigated whether DOTAP liposomes having SLA and imiquimod adjuvant, can induce a Th1 response and prote...

background recommendations to immunize healthcare workers (hcws) against hepatitis b are well known. however, a proportion of individuals do not respond to the primary standard three-dose hb vaccination schedule. conclusions both the single- and double-dose hb vaccines were adequately immunogenic, and the double-dose hb vaccine was not significantly more immunogenic than the single-dose vaccine...

elevated amount of the free radicals due to ionizing radiation causes deteriorating damage on immune system. therefore, we made attempts to investigate the protective effect of vitamin e (vit-e), a biological antioxidant in balb/c mice, so as to find an affordable prophylactic supplementation for individuals who are at risk. several groups of mice were selected and exposed to sub-lethal g -irra...

mastitis is a one of the major diseases of dairy animals. staphylococcus aureus is the most common microorganism associated with this dairy scourge. cure rates of mastitis associated with this pathogen are appallingly low. biofilm is an important virulence factor and immunogenic structure of s. aureus that makes it resistant to phagocytosis and antibiotics. reports on the efficacy of vaccine pr...