Background: Hox proteins are one of the best studied sets of transcription factors in developmental biology. They are the major determinants for establishing morphological differences along the anterior-posterior axis of animals and are generally regarded as highly conserved in function. This view is mostly based on experiments comparing a few (anterior) Hox proteins, however, the extent to whi...

We provide the first genetic sequence data for a Dipylidium species from a wild carnivore plus an analysis of the effects of ecological, demographic, physiological and behavioural factors on Dipylidium sp. infection prevalence in a social carnivore, the spotted hyaena (Crocuta crocuta), in the Serengeti National Park, Tanzania. Our sequence data from a mitochondrial gene fragment (1176 base pai...

The Cytochrome P450 super family (CYP) is responsible for a wide range of functions in metazoans, having roles in both exogenous and endogenous substrate metabolism. Annelids are known to metabolize polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and produce estrogen. CYPs are postulated to be key enzymes in these processes in annelids. In this study, the CYP complement (CYPome) of the annelid Capitell...

Over the past millennium, China has relied on Confucian clan to achieve interpersonal cooperation, focusing kinship and neglecting development of impersonal institutions needed for external finance. In this paper, we test hypothesis that financial markets are competing substitutes. Using large cross-regional variation in adoption modern banks, find regions with historically stronger clans estab...

While strolling the streets of Amsterdam, Sidney Smith, the renowned editor of the Edinburgh Review, called the attention of his companion to two Dutch housewives who were leaning out of their windows and arguing with one another across the narrow alley that separated their houses. Smith remarked to his companion that the two women would never agree. His friend thought the seasoned editor had i...

There is a vast amount of literature that considers the importance of the family as an institution. Little attention, however, has been given to the impact of the family structure and its dynamics on institutions. This limits our ability to understand distinct institutional developments—and hence growth—in the past and present. This paper supports this argument by highlighting the importance of...

This dissertation Is titled (Analyze the Islamic Encyclopedia) that addresses concept of Kurd and Kurdish Danisties in era. It is a comparative study information inside Encyclopedia collected by several orientalist. means work orientalists able to collect about Middle East general nations particular. Kurds have been addressed this encyclopedia as one nations. discusses ancient, medieval new his...