The use of classroom assessment is strongly supported to promote student learning. However, assessment for promoting learning is not yet widely used. On the contrary, summative assessments are emphasized and teachers continue to use classroom assessments primarily for grading students. Teachers' attitude and beliefs about students provide foundation for their philosophy of teaching. Teachers en...

This study investigated the impact of Iranian EAP teachers’ familiarity with or knowledge of alternative assessment (AA), teaching experience, academic degree and gender on their assessment literacy. To this end, 106 EAP teachers (74 males and 32 females) holding PhD degree (N=77) or MA/MSc degree (N=29) in different fields of study selected based on convenience sampling, participated in the st...

Innovation in technology drives innovation in assessment (Conole & Warburton, 2005; Bartram, 2006; Drasgow, Luecht, & Bennett, 2006; Mayrath, Clarke-Midura, & Robinson, 2012). Since the introduction of computer-based assessment (CBA), a few decades ago, many formerly paper-and-pencil tests have transformed in a computer-based equivalent. CBAs are becoming more complex, including multimedia and ...

Despite many controversies, cost-benefit analysis (CBA) still been used in many countries as a tool in policy decision processes. More recently, public participation in these CBA processes has become an important issue for governments. However, CBA by itself does not provide a good environment for public participation. The major reasons for this are the lack of spatial disaggregation in CBA res...

Cost-Based Abduction (CBA) is an AI model for reasoning under uncertainty. In CBA, evidence to be explained is treated as a goal which is true and must be proven. Each proof of the goal is viewed as a feasible explanation and has a cost equal to the sum of the costs of all hypotheses that are assumed to complete the proof. The aim is to find the Least Cost Proof. This paper uses CBA to develop ...

A facultative alkalophile capable of utilizing 4-chlorobenzoate (4-CBA), strain SB8, was isolated from soil with an alkaline medium (pH 10.0) containing the haloaromatic compound as the carbon source. The strain, identified as an Arthrobacter sp., showed rather extensive 4-CBA-degrading ability. 4-CBA utilization by the strain was possible in the alkaline medium containing up to 10 g of the com...

In the present study, using Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and Cost–Benefit Analysis (CBA), we assess economic–environmental performance of an anaerobic digestion (AD) plant, fed by cultured crops (i.e., maize wheat), in Italy. The biogas generated AD plant is used for production electricity, imputed into Italian energy grid. LCA evaluated potential greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, measured via Car...

The uptake of 4-chlorobenzoate (4-CBA) in intact cells of the coryneform bacterium NTB-1 was investigated. Uptake and metabolism of 4-CBA were observed in cells grown in 4-CBA but not in glucose-grown cells. Under aerobic conditions, uptake of 4-CBA occurred with a high apparent affinity (apparent Kt, 1.7 microM) and a maximal velocity (Vmax) of 5.1 nmol min-1 mg of protein-1. At pH values belo...