According to the online database landmarkmap, up an estimated 50% or more of world’s habitable land is held by indigenous peoples and communities. While legal procedural provisions are being made for bureaucratically managing many different types tenure relations in this domain, there continues be a lack tools expertise needed quickly accurately document customary rights. Software hardware that...

Most techniques for engineering service-based applications do not explicitly exploit knowledge about users and their tasks. In this paper the authors hypothesize that codified knowledge about user tasks can improve service discovery at design-time. It reports the extension of an existing service discovery algorithm to match service queries to user task models then reformulate the service querie...

Conventionally, standards are considered as a governance tool in the production system in a one-directional and hierarchical relationship between foreign trans-national corporations (TNCs) or global buyers on one hand and subsidiaries and producers on the other. They were considered as transmitting necessary specifications of goods – codified knowledge – to the producers. Despite the fact that ...

U.S. Government agencies and major vendors are actively attempting to secure critical infrastructure networks, but those efforts depend on patching unsecure, commodity systems, installing add-on security appliances, and applying other industry “best practices” that are ineffective against new attacks and software subversion. This has unfortunately led to the conclusion that it is impossible to ...

Research and Technology Organizations (RTOs) are knowledge-intensive firms. They tend to rely mainly on their employees and their individual competencies (codified or non-codified), the networks and communities they are involved in as well as the structural resources of the organization itself. These resources, mainly of intangible nature, are expected to play an important role on the innovatio...

A customary gender division of labor is one in which women and men are directed towards certain tasks and/or explicitly prohibited from performing others. We offer an explanation as to why the gender division of labor is so often enforced by custom, and why customary gender divisions of labor generally involve both direction and prohibition. Our model builds on the literature on the marital hol...

In 1901, the Arizona Territorial Legislature codified territorial law that illegalized advertising, causing, or performing abortions anywhere in Arizona. The 1901 code, in conjunction with the federal Comstock Act, regulated the advertisement and accessibility of abortion [3] services and contraceptives in Arizona. The Federal Comstock Act of 1873 [4] had illegalized the distribution of materia...