from the perspective of experts, custom as moral rules binding takesplace in source of law. however, clarify its position in constitutional lawneeds to know history of custom presence in basic documents which governon human societies. known dividing constitutions into two main categories,codified and customary, only will be clarified part of the extensive.because above division, as many experts...

This article reviews legislation of six Southern African countries to determine what progress has been made after the UNGASS Declaration of Commitment on HIV/AIDS, particularly with regard to paragraph 58 on human rights and paragraph 69 on rights in the workplace. The article notes the complexities introduced by the coexistence of customary laws and practices and codified law. It describes cer...

Various human rights are widely recognized in codified and customary international law. These human rights promise all human beings protection against specific severe harms that might be inflicted on them domestically or by foreigners. Yet, international law also establishes and maintains institutional structures that greatly contribute to violations of these human rights: fundamental component...

The prevalence of customary law within Arab societies, and in particular the area ​​water sharing organization agro-pastoral lands has created a kind conflict between legality positive modern state, this latter having become incapable establishing its laws on rural areas which tribes settle, have codified standards familiar with enacted by state.In order to preserve social economic balance ...

the judicial practice of the international courts and tribunals – especiallyinternational court of justice – as the most important official entities forsurveying and identifying legal rules, has always been a valuable source inthe recognition of customary international law. in the recent decades, as aresult of developments caused by improving human concepts and humanityprinciples in the interna...

Abstract European colonisation played a fundamental role in Indigenous marine dispossession and the entrenchment of unequal state-dominated governance regimes across diverse bodies water. This article charts this process, utilising examples from waters communities globe that experienced disparate forms dispossession. These span between sixteenth twenty-first centuries traverse Caribbean to Ocea...

this is a quasi-experimental study. the purpose was to comparison between two methods of codified education, and no codified education on knowledge and attitude of chronic mental patients for acceptance of therapy regimen. the hypothesis was patients participated in codified educational classes have more knowledge and positive attitude in compare to patients participated in no codified educatio...