Africa’s disappointing economic performance, the East Asian financial crisis, and the weak record of the former Soviet Union have focused attention on the role of institutions in determining a country’s economic growth. This article critically reviews the literature that tries to link quantitative measures of institutions, such as civil liberties and property rights, with growth of gross domest...

The present article studies role of Iran  export insurance fund on agricultural export sector by during 1385-1391.Since activity in agricultural sector is one of the most dangerous economical activities, and the most important problem of planners and politicians of agricultural development reducing risk of economic activities and increasing security coefficient for producers of agricultural sec...

The present article studies role of Iran  export insurance fund on agricultural export sector by during 1385-1391.Since activity in agricultural sector is one of the most dangerous economical activities, and the most important problem of planners and politicians of agricultural development reducing risk of economic activities and increasing security coefficient for producers of agricultural sec...

This paper discusses the question of whether institutions matter for regional development and, if so, of how can the institutional dimension be integrated in regional development strategies. It finds that while the role of local institutions is crucial for economic development and as a means of determining the returns of regional development policies, generating an institution-based general reg...

Institutions are the rules of the game that help to shape the long-term historical development of societies. They mediate human interaction and can be more or less formal (or tangible) in nature ranging from systems of government to common modes of behaviour. Most formal institutions can be distinguished as economic, social, political or cultural in nature although such distinctions are more di...

Concern has been rising about the health of the U.S. commercial real estate market and any impact it may have on financial markets and institutions. It is too early to judge the full extent of any problems, but commercial real estate financing has been shaken by the financial market turmoil associated with recent residential mortgage defaults. The spreads of commercial mortgage-backed securitie...

S mall businesses form the foundation of most rural and urban economies. To grow and prosper, these enterprises need access to equity capital as well as the debt capital provided by traditional banking institutions. While debt markets function well in most rural places, rural equity markets tend to be unorganized or nonexistent (RUPRI Rural Finance Task Force). The impetus for the Rural Policy ...

While philosophical speculation on the design of social, economic, and political institutions goes back at least to Plato (and perhaps further to Hammurabi), I will start this discussion at the end of the eighteenth century, in the radical and romantic response to the French Revolution. The nascent Industrial Revolution, the eclipse if not the collapse of the religious monopoly over discussion ...

This paper takes an institutional approach to explaining differences in the levels of entrepreneurship and economic growth across U.S. states. The institutional approach to growth argues that political and economic institutions influence the productivity of resource use. We hypothesize that institutions influence economic growth primarily through their effect on entrepreneurship and discovery. ...