The active effect of natural regeneration on understory vegetation and diversity on clear-cut forestlands, in contrast to conifer reforestation, is still controversial. Here we investigated differences in understory vegetation by comparing naturally regenerated deciduous forests (NR) and reforested spruce plantations (SP) aged 20–40 years on 12 similar clear-cuts of subalpine old-growth spruce-...

Forest disturbances caused by pest insects are threatening ecosystem stability, sustainable forest management and economic return in boreal forests. Climate change and increased extreme weather patterns can magnify the intensity of forest disturbances, particularly at higher latitudes. Due to rapid responses to elevating temperatures, forest insect pests can flexibly change their survival, disp...

Habitat heterogeneity is thought to affect top-down control of herbivorous insects and contribute to population stability by providing a more attractive microhabitat for natural enemies, potentially leading to reduced population fluctuations. Identifying the parameters that contribute to habitat heterogeneity promoting top-down control of herbivorous insects by natural enemies could facilitate ...

While ecological succession shapes contemporary forest structure and dynamics, other factors like forest structure (dense vs. sparse canopies) and climate may alter structural trajectories. To assess potential sources of variation in structural trajectories, we examined proportional biomass change for a regionally dominant tree species, Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco), across...

In this paper we study the multicast routing problem in all-optical WDM networks with sparse splitting capacity. In the literature, there are several proposals on finding the best way to construct multicast light-trees (or light-forests) with the objective of minimizing the number of wavelengths (link stress), the maximum end-to-end delay from the source to the destinations (maximum delay) and/...

Remote sensing tools are increasingly being used to survey forest structure. Most current methods rely on GPS signals, which are available in above-canopy surveys or in below-canopy surveys of open forests, but may be absent in below-canopy environments of dense forests. We trialled a technology that facilitates mobile surveys in GPS-denied below-canopy forest environments. The platform consist...

Forests and woodlands dominated by pines (Pinus spp.) occur naturally over an unusually broad range of environmental conditions in the northern hemisphere and now they are widely planted south of the equator. Some pine species occur in savannas that are characterized by surface fires every 10 years or less, while others form dense forests that are burned at intervals of 100-300 years. Contrasti...

The assessment of the quantitative and qualitative changes, the result of the impacts imposed by natural factors, and human interventions during specific sampling periods has a substantial influence on nature, management method and tending operation of every region’s forests. The present research was carried out in Golestan province forests (Iran) over an 11- year period and the obtained statis...

Abstract The coastal region of the municipalities Curuçá and Maracanã, on northeastern coast Pará, shelters a valuable biological heritage, last two remnants Dense Rain Forest shores Atlantic Ocean. On Ipomonga Island (Curuçá) at Marieta Beach (Maracanã), Lowland is notable for its abrupt contact with pioneer formation marine influence, called as Restinga. This geomorphological interface favors...

We describe the design, fabrication, and excellent performance of an optimized deep-etched high-density fused-silica transmission grating for use in dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) systems. The fabricated optimized transmission grating exhibits an efficiency of 87.1% at a wavelength of 1550 nm. Inductively coupled plasma-etching technology was used to fabricate the grating. The de...