H ISTORY offers us a tool to avoid the condemnation George Santayana (1863–1952) envisioned for those who forget the past. In studying the history of anesthesia, and in particular the singular events that brought anesthesia into the consciousness of the world in Boston in 1845 and 1846, we find much to admire, but even more that we might hope not to repeat. The first public demonstrations of an...

We evaluate the ability of hexahistidine (His6) tags on peptide and protein substrates to recruit deoxyribozymes for modifying those substrates. For two different deoxyribozymes, one that creates tyrosine-RNA nucleopeptides and another that phosphorylates tyrosine side chains, we find substantial improvements in yield, kobs, and Km for peptide substrates due to recruiting by His6/Cu(2+). Howeve...

This book contains thirty-seven chapters, each a largely self-contained essay on some aspect of the quantitative method in biology and medicine. The first eight of these deal specifically with historical topics and include commentaries, for example, on Harvey's discovery of the circulation of the blood, Mendel's basic theories and experimental findings, immunity against smallpox, the prevention...

revolution related art, the holy defense and related concepts have dedicated an important part of the iranian contemporary art to themselves during the past three decades. iraj eskandari, painter and academic member of the tehran university of arts, is one of the prolific contemporary artists in iran; his works are blended with the experience of life during wartime and reflects a set of realist...

American playwright, Eugene Gladstone O’Neill (1888-1953) is presenter of truth without comprising his beliefs. His works are dramatized by passion elements such as memories, dreams, and by awareness of forces. During mid-1920s he became interested in dramatizing complicated pattern of his family’s life. Mourning Becomes Electra, which opened on Oct. 26, 1931, and had fourteen acts, was O'Neill...