• There is no single ’African view’ of what a development-friendly WTO compromise would look like • African countries benefit and suffer from subsidies, depending on their products and export markets • African countries should prioritise their development needs and build alliances with other developing countries to present a united front The latest World Trade Organization (WTO) negotiation rou...

although intellectual property rights (iprs) in this era specially after the constitution of world trade organization (wto) have been concerned from economic and commercialization point of view, human rights perspective to iprs has been increased and so, human rights groups have highlighted certain challenges between iprs and human rights, have tried to adjust economic perspective and have soug...

The fragmentation of production has resulted in an increasing degree of vertical specialization across countries. This paper studies one venue that has facilitated growth in U.S. vertical specialization, the program known as 9802 in the current tariff code, or alternatively as the overseas assembly provision, or OAP, in earlier years. The empirical analysis examines how the cross-country patter...

introduction: millions of children less than 5 years old die from pneumonia globally and about 75-70% of these deaths occur in infants. persian and english articles of international and national databases such as “who, scopus and the cochrane, pub med, science direct, wiley, google scholar, sid, iran medex, magiran, med lib and iran doc were searched from 1970 to 2014. result: the factors such ...

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International patent protection was a key issue at the multilateral trade talks sponsored by the World Trade Organization in Cancun in September 2003. Indeed, since the organization was founded almost ten years ago, the international protection of intellectual property rights (IPR) has been a bone of contention between developing and industrialized countries.At that time, developing countries d...

The recent issue of Asia Pacific Journal of Medical Toxicology made an important and interesting theme “What is the Best Research for Low Income Countries?” (1). We enjoyed reading the paper; nevertheless we hope to find a chance to share our idea. It was mentioned that some, for sure not all, researchers from the developed countries might not have enough motivation to contribute to the scient...