BACKGROUND The abnormal ventriculo-arterial connections in atrio-ventricular concordance and situs solitus with two well developed ventricles include the range from tetralogy of Fallot throughout the different forms of double outlet right ventricle to transposition of great arteries.The infundibular septum and the trabecula septomarginalis are the fundamental anatomical landmarks for the segmen...

In the 2nd century AD, the prolific Greek physician Galen contributed significantly to the anatomical and physiological knowledge of the cardiovascular system. However his erroneous theory of blood circulation, based on the inaccurate notion that venous blood passes through tiny pores in the heart's septum, moves from the right ventricle to the left, and is mixed with inhaled air from the lungs...

We report the first use of bilateral femoral venovenous rail creation for the delivery of an Amplatzer Muscular Ventricular Septal Defect Occluder in a patient with a large mid-to-apical muscular ventricular septal defect before Rastelli operation. The presence of a right-sided bidirectional Glenn shunt, a banded main pulmonary artery, and double outlet right ventricle anatomy precluded the use...

Double outlet right ventricle (DORV) is a complex group of abnormal ventriculoarterial connections where both the aorta and pulmonary artery rise from the right ventricle morphologically. It is a rare condition affecting 1-1.5% of patients with congenital heart disease. The patient's cardiac measurements were taken by two-dimensional echocardiography. The pathological findings of the defined ca...

With increasing diagnostic and therapeutic modalities, more and more patients with congenital heart disease (CHD) survive till adulthood and may present for coincident elective or emergent noncardiac surgery.[1] Such patients, especially with unrepaired or unpalliated cardiac defects, offer a great challenge because of their complex physiological modifications secondary to chronic hypoxia and e...