3,4-Dihydroxy-l-phenylalanine (l-Dopa) remains the most effective drug for treating the motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease (PD). However, its long-term use is limited due to motor complications such as wearing-off and dyskinesia. A clinical study in PD patients with motor complications has demonstrated that selegiline, a monoamine oxidase type B inhibitor, is effective in reducing off time w...

Movement disorders commonly are associated with many psychotropic drugs. Tricyclic antidepressants often cause a tremor in the hands and myoclonic jerks. In some patients, they result in agitation and restlessness, referred to as the jitteriness syndrome [1]. Occasional anecdotes of dyskinesia and dystonia have been reported with these drugs, but tardive dyskinesia typically is not associated w...

BACKGROUND Chronic administration of levodopa in Parkinson's disease leads to debilitating involuntary movements, termed levodopa-induced dyskinesia (LID). The pathogenesis of LID is poorly understood. Previous research has shown that histamine H2 receptors are highly expressed in the input (striatum) and output (globus pallidus, substantia nigra) regions of the basal ganglia, particularly in t...

BACKGROUND Recently, heterozygous mutations in PRRT2 (Chr 16p11.2) have been identified in Han Chinese, Japanese and Caucasians with paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia. In previous work, a paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia locus was mapped to Chr 16p11.2 - q11.2 in a multiplex African-American family. METHODS Sanger sequencing was used to analyze all four PRRT2 exons for sequence variants in 1...

The present study investigated whether the rotation rate induced by amphetamine in 6-OHDA-lesioned rats was predictive of development of L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia (LID) and success of the lesion procedure in our experimental settings. We collected data from 312 6-OHDA-lesioned rats (from different sets of experiments). Rats were subjected to the amphetamine-induced rotation test (2.5mg/kg) and ...

A patient with severe tardive dyskinesia due to long-term neuroleptic medication is described. The 2 factors immediately precipitating the onset of the disorder appeared to be the administration of benzhexol hydrochloride and the sudden termination of neuroleptic therapy. the disorder was satisfactorily controlled with choline chloride and a small dose of tetrabenazine. The suggested mechanism ...

OBJECTIVE To make evidence-based treatment recommendations for the medical and surgical treatment of patients with Parkinson disease (PD) with levodopa-induced motor fluctuations and dyskinesia. To that end, five questions were addressed. 1. Which medications reduce off time? 2. What is the relative efficacy of medications in reducing off time? 3. Which medications reduce dyskinesia? 4. Does de...

As a treatment for tardive dyskinesia, sodium valproate was tested in a double-blind placebo-controlled parallel group trial, with 6-week base-line observation period followed by 6 weeks of treatment. Sodium valproate was not found to be an effective treatment for either tardive dyskinesia or drug-induced Parkinsonism, and did not affect mental state or behaviour.