in this article, we tried to identify mechanisms of technology transfer and their legal basis in buy-back contracts. then, analyze the effect of wto regulations on those contracts. in addition, answer these questions: what are legal mechanisms of technology transfer in buy-back contracts? what are the effects of acceptance of wto rules on technology transfer policies in buy-back contracts and t...

Current distributed multimedia systems, including the World Wide Web, allow users access to vast amounts of media-rich information. Much eeort has been put into providing browsing and querying tools, storing multimedia documents ef-ciently, and transporting the documents from a server to a client. The multimedia data in these systems is often protected by copyright and has other restrictions on...

The prevailing informal contracts of farmland transfer in China are facing frequent disputes and defaults, which call for effective self-enforcement mechanisms operating through transactors’ reputations social networks. However, the effects reputation on contract choice have not been thoroughly considered examined by existing research case transfer. This study explores reputation’s ex-ante sign...

documentary credit or letter of credit (lc) is one of the methods of payment in international commerce. the documentary credit is a binding commitment from the issuing bank to pay a sum of money to the beneficiary on certain conditions. the applicant needs to contract with an issuing bank to open a lc. the legal nature of such contract is a controversy issue and thus different opinions are brou...

La Soledad case is illustrative of the contracting issue under conditions where reputation as an enforcement device is ineffective, and where there is no coercive power. Initially, tenancy practices were organized among local actors, on the basis of personal relationships; contractual enforcement was not a critical issue. The introduction of a new crop (potato) by ‘outsiders’ --entrepreneur-typ...

enforcement of civil claims dictums is based on conditions and ceremonials that stated in civil dictums enforcement act. deadline respite in dictums enforcement is unreasonable and athwart goal and philosophy of procedure. also it,s against the indispensable of dictums. after islamic revolution, legislator ordains regulations that give extra deadline to some governmental and public organization...

We consider an economy where property rights are necessary to ensure sufficient rewards to ex ante investments. Because enforcement of property rights influences the ex post distribution of rents, there is room for corruption. We characterize the optimal organization of the society and optimal degree of property right enforcement subject to incentive constraints of the agents. We find that thre...