BACKGROUND The Department of Health in England asked the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) to develop guidance on environmental interventions that promote physical activity. The economic appraisals summarized in this study informed the development of that guidance. In view of the difficulties inherent in applying conventional health economic evaluation techniques to p...

Background The preferences of Iranians concerning the attributes of health insurance benefit packages are not well studied. This study aimed to elicit health insurance preferences among insured people in Iran during 2016.   Methods A mixed method...

Once upon a time, protection of human health and the natural environment did not seem to require economic analysis. Before the 1980s, public health and environmental policies were debated primarily on scientific, ethical, and legal grounds, with less emphasis on costs – let alone monetized benefits. More recently, it has become the norm to assume the need for cost-benefit analysis of new polici...

this paper addresses the vehicle routing problem with delivery time cost. this problem aims to find a set of routes of minimal total costs including the travelling cost and delivery time cost, starting and ending at the depot, in such a way that each customer is visited by one vehicle given the capacity of the vehicle to satisfy a specific demand. in this research, a hybrid metaheuristic approa...

Once upon a time, protection of human health and the natural environment did not seem to require economic analysis. Before the 1980s, public health and environmental policies were debated primarily on scientific, ethical, and legal grounds, with less emphasis on costs – let alone monetized benefits. More recently, it has become the norm to assume the need for cost-benefit analysis of new polici...

This research evaluates the potential gains in benefits from using Goal Programming to preserve forestland. Twoand three-dimensional Goal Programming models are developed and applied to data from applicants to the U.S. Forest Service’s Forest Legacy Program, the largest forest protection program in the United States. Results suggest that not only do these model yield substantial increases in be...

there are several methods to increase crops yield, including use of high quality seeds. seed priming is a simple and low-cost method to increase seed quality, if be done right, will lead to increasing plant performance and yield. seed priming treatment applied before planting to enhance germination parameters, seedling establishment and etc. primed seeds get some physiological and biochemical c...