Energy-based trade-offs occur when investment in one fitness-related trait diverts energy away from other traits. The extent to which such trade-offs are shaped by limits on the rate of conversion of energy ingested in food (e.g. carbohydrates) into chemical energy (ATP) by oxidative metabolism rather than by the amount of food ingested in the first place is, however, unclear. Here we tested wh...

1 This study used an experimental model of a constructed wetland to evaluate the risk of 2 mercury methylation when the soil is amended with sulfate. The model was planted with 3 Schoenoplectus californicus, and the sediments were varied during construction to 4 provide a control and two levels of sulfate treatment. This allowed characterization of 5 sulfate’s effect on mercury bioaccumulation ...

Ultraviolet B radiation (UV-B) can reduce swimming performance by increasing reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation. High concentrations of ROS can damage mitochondria, resulting in reduced ATP production. ROS can also damage muscle proteins, thereby leading to impaired muscle contractile function. We have shown previously that UV-B exposure reduces locomotor performance in mosquitofish (Gambu...

more than 32 alien (exotic) fish species belonging to 10 orders and 12 families (cyprinidae, gobiidae, salmonidae, anguilidae, mugilidae, centrarchidae, heteropneustidae, gasterosteidae, cichlidae, poecilidae, adrianichthyidae and pleuronectidae) were reported from iran of which 25 species are confirmed by specimens. some of the alien fishes (e.g., cyprinus carpio , carassius auratus , pesudora...

Some prey are exceptionally difficult to digest, and yet even non-specialized animals may consume them—why? Durophagy, the consumption of hard-shelled prey, is thought require special adaptations for crushing or digesting hard shells avoid many potential costs this type. But lacking specializations nevertheless include hard-bodied in their diets. We describe several non-mutually exclusive adapt...