This article introduces two swarm intelligent algorithms, a group search optimizer (GSO) and an artificial fish swarm algorithm (AFSA). A single intelligent algorithm always has both merits in its specific formulation and deficiencies due to its inherent limitations. Therefore, we propose a mixture of these algorithms to create a new hybrid optimization algorithm known as the group search-artif...

We use hedonic analysis of home transaction data from the Minneapolis–St. Paul metropolitan area to estimate the effects of proximity to open space on sales price. We allow the effects of proximity to vary with demographic and location-specific characteristics and include fixed effects to control for observed and unobserved neighborhood characteristics. We find that the value of proximity to op...

This project description focuses on a specific occurrence of normative conflicts. It addresses the need of deciding the applicable law when conflicting pieces of legislation coming from different legal systems have to be merged. I will check whether and how the argumentation method could help to deal with these cases of normative interactions. Actually, from the logical point of view, the situa...

novation is originally a roman law institution which has influenced the legal system of western countries. in roman law the obligation was a legal personal relationship that changing one of its element resulted in dissolution of obligation and consequently, the transmission of obligation became impossible; therefore, the novation, seeking to achieve the transmission of debt and credit, was esta...

in sale of goods, the delivered goods must conform both to what is the subject of contract and to what the parties intend. conformity of goods has two aspects: legal and material. the legal aspect, with which this article concerns, consist of such topics as right of sale, ownership of seller, lack of third party’s claim and so on .since domestic and international transactions are increasing, th...

principle of justice and equity is a term, although it is seen in recent jurisprudents' writings, which have not been explained clearly at all. therefore, some of the jurisprudents do not accept this term as a principle; some others accept it as a principle and consider its implementation in case of being a special reason; and other group of jurisprudents accept it as a principle but limit...

studying juridical and legal nature of time sharing samad hazrati[1]   abstract in the modern era, which is called communication era, the effect and influence of legal systems are inevitable, since industrial development, technology, sciences and human knowledge result in  new  events in different fields such as legal regulations and vast relationships among the nations and states result in tra...

delivery in the iranian law has two specific and general meanings. the strict meaning of delivery is to hand over the substance to another person. but delivery in its broad meaning includes handing over of substance, interests, and action. this broad meaning of delivery is almost synonymous with performing contracts or doing the obligations of contracts. the civil code of iran has mentioned the...