Based on theoretical and empirical work, we argue that autonomy is likely an important underlying source of healthy sleep. The implication is that 'treatment' for sleep problems cannot be understood as an individual-level behavioral problem but must instead be addressed in concert with larger scale social factors that may be inhibiting high-quality sufficient sleep in large segments of the popu...

Implication for health policy/practice/research/medical education: Some new treatment strategies may improve the health of Cystic Fibrosis patients. Novel pharmaceutical formulations such as microspheres would also be an interesting approach in this area. Copyright © 2013, Iranian Society of Pediatrics; Licensee Safnek Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creat...

In biological systems, traits are often linked in ways that prevent simultaneous optimization of all of them. The resulting ‘evolutionary tradeoffs’ reflect necessary compromises among the functions of multiple traits. Such compromises are particularly clear when energy must be allocated among competing metabolic functions. Energy allocated to growth is not available for reproduction, immune fu...

A health care crisis of epidemic proportion faces western industrialized societies. From Reaven’s1 early description of “syndrome X,” both the prevalence and general awareness of what is now known as the metabolic syndrome have risen rapidly. The importance and complexity of the metabolic syndrome as one of the major health care issues currently facing society are eloquently discussed in the pr...

One of the central interests of modern public finance theory is the implication of decentralization for the equity and efficiency of public services. It is therefore somewhat surprising that health policy in the UK and elsewhere is formulated with hardly any reference to this theory and the associated empirical evidence. The purpose of this paper is to examine the relevance of mainstream public...

A Heyting algebra is a distributive lattice with implication and a dual $BCK$-algebra is an algebraic system having as models logical systems equipped with implication. The aim of this paper is to investigate the relation of Heyting algebras between dual $BCK$-algebras. We define notions of $i$-invariant and $m$-invariant on dual $BCK$-semilattices and prove that a Heyting semilattice is equiva...

The main condition of the differently implicational inferencealgorithm is reconsidered from a contrary direction, which motivatesa new fuzzy inference strategy, called the double fuzzyimplications-based restriction inference algorithm. New restrictioninference principle is proposed, which improves the principle of thefull implication restriction inference algorithm. Furthermore,focusing on the ...

Implication for health policy makers/practice/research/medical education: Paying attention to the aspects of the infertile mothers` quality of life and also planning to upgrade that, may lead to the upgrade of the infertile couples ̀health level. Copyright © 2013, Iranian Red Crescent Medical Journal; Licensee Kowsar Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative...