Population-based heuristic optimization methods like differential evolution (DE) depend largely on the generation of the initial population. The initial population not only affects the search for several iterations but often also has an influence on the final solution. The conventional method for generating the initial population is the use of computer-generated pseudo-random numbers, which may...

The relation between the household electrical consumption Y and population N for Chinese cities in 2006 has been investigated with the power law scaling form Y = A0N β . It is found that the Chinese cities should be divided into three categories characterized by different scaling exponent β. The first category, which includes the biggest and coastal cities of China, has the scaling exponent β >...

Population fluctuations of Heterodera glycines differ in fields with high and low initial population densities. In a field with low initial numbers of nematodes, the numbers of cysts and eggs in soil remained low through 100 days from planting then increased during the remainder of the growing season. In a field with high initial nematode populations, numbers increased at 30 days, decreased to ...

the influence of different initial inoculum densities of the root-knot nematode meloidogyne javanica on the growth of sage (salvia officinalis), root-knot development and nematode multiplication was investigated 90 days after inoculation under greenhouse conditions. with the increase in the nematode initial inoculum densities, shoot fresh/dry weight, shoot/root length and root fresh/dry weight ...

at 27 and 32 1C, and 57% relative humidity. Initial population level and temperature, and their interaction, were significant for the number of F1 progeny and feeding damage (Po0.01). A strong positive correlation was also found between initial population size, number of F1 progeny, percentage of insect-damaged kernels (IDKs) and feeding damage. The impact of R. dominica on the milling quality ...

Either by selective breeding for population divergence or by using natural population differences, T2 and advanced generation hybrids can be deveIoped vith high variances. We relate the size of the genetic lariance to the population divergence based on a forvard and backward mutation model at a locus with :wo alleles with additive gene action. The effects of Jopulation size and initial gene fre...