the establishment of non-governmental organizations (nogs) for the present society of iran is a historical need. the more the ngos are materialized, the closer the iranian society gets to the governorship of the people. the stronger the ngos, the stronger the presence of the people in various social arenas. in the past, trade :union:s were responsible for the exchange of cultural and economic c...

BACKGROUND With the number of older adults in society rising, frailty becomes an increasingly prevalent health condition. Regular physical activity can prevent functional decline and reduce frailty symptoms. In particular, home-based exercise programs can be beneficial in reducing frailty of older adults and fall risk, and in improving associated physiological parameters. However, adherence to ...

The morphological changes that may occur in the group of diseases that were labelled 'idiopathic chronic interstitial fibrosis of the lung', better named 'chronic diffuse fibrosing alveolitis', are by now well known. In the majority of cases the aetiology remains obscure, but it has become increasingly clear that in many cases (particularly when granulomatous lesions are present) the changes th...

Sensitivity to the environment demands new skills and attitudes Once again public health is on the move. After 40 years in which medical thinking has been dominated by the "magic bullet," therapeutic, model of health the pendulum has swung strongly in the direction of health promotion and preventive medicine. The reasons for this shift are complex. They include the prevailing political philosop...

Life is evolving fast (at least in the first world) and the latest technological gadget becomes outdated even before we have learnt how to use it. In this respect, science is no exception. The new buzzword ‘Systems Biology’ entered the vocabulary of the scientific community only a few years ago. Now that every biologist is aware of it and almost everyone seems to be doing it, an even newer buzz...

California-based health maintenance organizations (HMOs) have reduced use of hospital services well below national averages; much of this reduction appears linked to lower surgical procedure rates. Also, multispecialty groups in California have been able to maintain physician compensation under capitated payment arrangements at the expense of retaining earnings at the group level. With capitati...