considering the present situation of the society that increasing inegulity led to deprivation progression and according to impact of huge institution of waqf (endowment) at resolving such problems, it is necessary to make an opportunity that new subject such as cash waqf being studied and examined. the aim of this paper is to study the theoretical and jurisprudential views and analysis the bene...

An Information-Based Framework for Asset Pricing: X-Factor Theory and its Applications. This thesis presents a new framework for asset pricing based on modelling the information available to market participants. Each asset is characterised by the cash flows it generates. Each cash flow is expressed as a function of one or more independent random variables called market factors or “X-factors”. E...

Measuring the impact of information technology (IT) investment on firm performance is a long standing issue among both information systems (IS) and researchers in other disciplines. Most research to date on the impact of IT spending on firm performance has focused on the returns that IT investments can provide to firms. Initial studies showed no impact of IT investment and more recent studies h...

T paper seeks to quantify the long-term financial impact of negative word of mouth (NWOM), an issue that has long challenged extant research. We do so with real-world data on firm security prices. The developed time-series models innovatively uncover (1) shortand long-term effects of NWOM on cash flows, stock returns, and stock volatilities, and (2) NWOM’s “wear-in” effects (i.e., it takes a nu...

The decision to select one of the two accounting methods for inventory valuation – first-in, first-out (FIFO) and last-in, first-out (LIFO) – involves consideration of several factors of which potential tax effect of the accounting method is often the most important. While the general relationships of inflation, inventory levels, rate of taxation, etc., to the potential tax savings have been we...

For solvency purposes insurance companies need to calculate so-called best-estimate reserves for outstanding loss liability cash flows and a corresponding risk margin for nonhedgeable insurance-technical risks in these cash flows. In actuarial practice, the calculation of the risk margin is often not based on a sound model but various simplified methods are used. In the present paper we properl...

Abstract In this paper, Markov chain and dynamic programming were used to represent a suitable pattern for tax relief and tax evasion decrease based on tax earnings in Iran from 2005 to 2009. Results, by applying this model, showed that tax evasion were 6714 billion Rials**. With 4% relief to tax payers and by calculating present value of the received tax, it was reduced to 3108 billion Rials. ...