— We use panel data consisting of 96 countries and covering the period 1960–2000 to investigate the effects of free trade agreements (FTAs) and hub-and-spoke systems of FTA on exports. Our empirical results imply an annual growth rate of 5.57% in exports and hence a doubling of exports after 12.4 years between FTA partners. Non-overlapping FTAs account for 4.12%, while hub-andspoke FTAs account...

Economic Growth Is The Thing That Gets Most Attention, Because One Of People's Welfare Achieved If Good. Comes From Plantation Subsector. Sub-Sector Concern To Government Its Production Can Increase Country's Foreign Exchange, And Also Has A Great Opportunity Exports. This Study Used Qualitative Research Methods. Aims Review How Subsector Contributes Supporting Growth, Especially In North Sumat...

in this article, real exchange rate behavior and its effects on macroeconomic variables are studied by explaining two models; impulse function and forecasting predicted error decomposition. studies show that high artificial currency value has caused domestic and foreign accounts equilibrium disturbance and foreign income decrease due to the slackening of commercial and agricultural activities, ...

Structure Based on Non-competitive Input-Output Analysis Zhirui MU Cuihong YANG Abstract By applying a non-competitive input-output model capturing processing exports of China, this paper establishes a multi-objective programming model to optimize the export structure. In the input-output model, China’s domestic production is divided into three parts, production for domestic use, processing exp...

the geopolitically important basin of the mazandaran sea found its new identity after the collapse of the soviet :union: as an active region with specific functions. the power vacuum arising from the collapse of the soviet :union: and presence of huge energy resources attracted the attention of trans-regional powers and flow of big investment companies to the region. regional developments are a...

Today the Arab countries of the Middle East face a challenge familiar to all South Africans: to create jobs for the large cohort of young people reaching working age. Over the next decade or so, the region may experience population growth of 150 million people—the equivalent of adding two Egypts (table 1). In demographic terms, the task is similar to that facing South Africa—only larger. Rising...