Current and future developments in reusable launch vehicle technology demand on-board, real time autonomous abort handling. If an engine failure occurs, the guidance system must quickly determine a footprint of reachable landing sites and select a robust site. A robust site is one which maximizes the vehicle's ability to reach that site in the presence of multiple uncertainties. After selecting...

This study mainly addresses two questions: (i) what is the verse grammar that governs the modern speaker’s scansion of classical Chinese verse lines? (ii) how can his apparently intuitive judgment of metrical harmony of verse lines be accounted for in a principled way? For the first question, we have argued that the modern verse grammar represents the coexistence of five minimally different sub...

A persistent question in biology is how cis-acting sequence elements influence trans-acting factors and the local chromatin environment to modulate gene expression. We reported previously that the DNA transposon 1360 can enhance silencing of a reporter in a heterochromatic domain of Drosophila melanogaster. We have now generated a collection of variegating phiC31 landing-pad insertion lines con...

charm. In the summer of 1685, James II overcame invasions in the north and in the south. The invasion in the south had been led by the Duke of Monmouth, illegitimate son of Charles the second. Monmouth had landed in Dorset and had been immediately proclaimed King by his supporters. He had, however, obtained no following in Bristol or in Wiltshire. Monmouth was defeated in a battle at Sedgemoor ...

The development of arid zone geomorphology has progressed over the past century from ground-level observations of a limited number of locations through the field traverse mapping of sizeable arid areas to a broad-scale overview of global desert regions assisted by aerial photography and satellite imagery. Extraterrestrial investigations of planetary surfaces and landforms have proceeded in exac...

Large number of studies showed that landing with great impact forces may be a risk factor for knee injuries. The purpose of this study was to illustrate the different landing loads to lower extremity of both genders and examine the relationships among selected lower extremity kinematics and kinetics during the landing of a stop-jump task. A total of 35 male and 35 female healthy subjects were r...

[Purpose] The purpose of this study was to assess the sagittal angles and moments of lower extremity joints during single-leg jump landing in various directions. [Subjects] Eighteen male athletes participated in the study. [Methods] Participants were asked to perform single-leg jump-landing tests in four directions. Angles and net joint moments of lower extremity joints in the sagittal plane we...

It is common practice to study jump landing mechanics by having subjects step off a box set at a certain height instead of landing from a jump. This practice assumes that the landing mechanics are similar between stepping off a box and a countermovement jump as long as the heights can be matched. The mechanics of the two methods had never been compared when landing from identical heights. Thus,...

During jumping or falling in humans and various other mammals, limb muscles are activated before landing, and the intensity and timing of this pre-landing activity are scaled to the expected impact. In this study, we test whether similarly tuned anticipatory muscle activity is present in hopping cane toads. Toads use their forelimbs for landing, and we analysed pre-landing electromyographic (EM...