willingness to communicate and motivation can be two important affective variables to cause success in language achievement. the current study aimed to investigate the role of willingness to communicate (wtc) and second language motivational self-system (l2mss) in relation to learners’ language achieve- ment. to this end, 100 homogeneous learners both male and female aged from 16 to 20 were cho...

Anthropomorphized robots are regarded as beneficial tools in education due to their capabilities of improving teaching effectiveness and learning motivation. Therefore, one major trend of research, known as RobotAssisted Language Learning (RALL), is trying to develop robots to support teaching and learning English as a foreign language (EFL). As more practical studies on materials development h...

Recent conceptualizations of language learning motivation have highlighted its dynamic and contextual nature. Yet the role L2 context in shaping remains under-explored. This study adopts an agency perspective to examine emerging motivational orientations across diverse medium instruction settings. The present reports findings from a survey 3854 secondary-school English learners three types inst...