We study antitrust enforcement that channels price-fixing incentives through setting fines and allocating resources to detection activities. Antitrust fines obey four legal principles: punishments should fit the crime, proportionality, bankruptcy considerations, and minimum fines. Bankruptcy considerations limit maximum fines, ensure abnormal cartel profits and impose a challenge for optimal an...

It is important for legal education to develop a student’s capability to reason what kind of right and duty relations come to exist as a result of an application of law to a concrete case problem. A legal knowledge base system which logically infers the legal state of affairs as a conclusion from law together with the facts of a case and which clearly shows the reasoning process, is to be a use...

The physiological process of germination depends on several environmental factors such as temperature, water potential, light, nutrients and smoke. Water and temperature are determinant factors for seed germination. Both factors can, separately or jointly, affect the germination percentage and germination rate. The effect of temperature on germination and water potential on germination canoften...

The physiological process of germination depends on several environmental factors such as temperature, water potential, light, nutrients and smoke. Water and temperature are determinant factors for seed germination. Both factors can, separately or jointly, affect the germination percentage and germination rate. The effect of temperature on germination and water potential on germination canoften...

Dynamic logic programming allows the representation and the inference of evolving knowledge. Legal knowledge reasoning needs the capability to model laws that change over time and to model laws produced by distinct entities with different priorities at different time points. In this paper we propose the use of dynamic logic programming to model these legal dynamic situations. Some examples are ...

Dynamic logic programming allows the representation and the inference of evolving knowledge. Legal knowledge reasoning needs the capability to model laws that change over time and to model laws produced by distinct entities with different priorities at different time points. In this paper we propose the use of dynamic logic programming to model these legal dynamic situations. Some examples are ...

Background: In the Law on registration of deeds and real estate, the definition of official document and the scope of inclusion of official documents are different from civil law, and these definitions create different interpretations and effects in society and how to deal with legal issues and problems. Resolving legal deficiencies in answering accidental questions that occur in the community,...