the character of cosmopolitanism in e-commerce disputes is much more complicated than in normal international transactions. internet environment has created challenges and changes about the governing law of contracts in this space. this cyber space has technical and legal differences in compared with physical environment. in this paper, we intend to answer this question that in dispute arising ...

The timing and nature of industrialization in Britain and continental Europe had significant consequences for the growth and development of labour market institutions, effects which are still felt today and which are visible in the conceptual structure of labour law and company law in different countries. However, contrary to the claims of the legal origin hypothesis, a liberal model of contrac...

Abstract Knowledge acquisition constitutes the bottleneck for the creation of legal expert systems. Our prototype CONCAT deals with the problem that the information is formalised to a certain degree by use of legal language. This task is performed in that the process of creating a selective thesaurus for a nuclear juridical lexicon is supported which can be used for automatic indexing and docum...

This paper focuses on the criteria for a comparison of legal concepts between different legal backgrounds. The traditional concept of equivalence must be revised, since absolute equivalence is, between national legal systems each with its own ethical principles and political priorities, no longer possible. A comparison on the grounds of a definition by intension becomes difficult because of the...

phytoplankton communities play a significant role in the oceanic biological pump by forming the base of the trophic structure. increase in nutrients loading affects spatial and temporal distribution of phytoplankton. this study examined the phytoplankton community structure and ecological indices in relation to nutrients dynamics in both estuarine and oceanic areas of ramisi-vanga systems alon...

Maintaining regulatory compliance is an increasing concern. Legal Knowledge Management systems could support the work of compliance managers. However, there are challenges to overcome, of interpreting legal knowledge and mapping it onto business processes. In this discussion paper we determine requirements for Legal Knowledge Management systems that can handle these challenges. We argue that an...

in most legal systems of the world, the rule of multi-title offences is an accepted one whereby the punishment is the most serious when an act can come under a number of offence titles. however, it is subtly related to some other legal concepts such as specificity, contradiction, inclusion, appropriation and forcive judges. in most of time, distinguish between them is confused which can have se...