(DFID) supports policies, programmes and projects to promote international development. DFID are providing funds for this study as part of this objective but the views and opinions expressed here are not necessary those of DFID. Summary The concept of livelihoods has gained wide acceptance as a valuable means of understanding the factors that influence people's lives and well-being, particularl...

Throughout Kenya, new governance regimes that are designed to sustain habitat connectivity for wildlife populations outside of national parks have gained increasing prominence. Though these often center a discursive emphasis on the synergies between conservation and pastoralist land use, it remains unclear how they interacted with colonial post-colonial legacies influenced pastoralists' relatio...

The rich anthropological and ethnographic literature on cattle “color” “pattern” terms has argued for the central role of model in visual systems pastoral cultures. This study provides further evidence to idea a structuring pastoralists’ systems, it explores indigenous meanings Hamar, language spoken Southwest Ethiopia. results show that pastoralists communicate conceptualize all kind experienc...

Abstract This paper presents the results of a detailed review research literature on how nomadic pastoralists are being affected by climate change, they adapting, and challenges with using traditional knowledge in adaptation. It focuses that investigates local, particularly traditional, water, pasture, their variability, livestock. underpins livelihoods, so is foundation for effective Changes t...

Free-ranging local chicken flocks are important for the livelihood of resource-poor rural farmers in Tanzania, as they provide a critical source of animal protein and a ready source of income through the sale of chickens and eggs. An occurrence of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) in the village setting of Tanzania would result in a disastrous loss of livelihood. This paper attempts to o...

iii FOREWORD For decades, agencies of development cooperation (DC) have been working in the drylands of developing and transition countries. These regions are an immense challenge for technical cooperation because of their high climatic variability, their susceptibility to desertification and their economic and political sensitivity, including their potential for social and resource-based confl...

BACKGROUND Ethiopia has high prevalences of udder health problems including clinical and subclinical mastitis across production systems in different livestock species. Previous studies on udder health problems have largely focused on identification of mastitis causing microbial pathogens and associated risk factors. However, relatively little is known about the knowledge and beliefs of livestoc...

The concept “literacy” may seem very simple to the understanding of every individual, but it has proved to be complex, dynamic and continued to be defined and interpreted in various ways. Livelihood on the other hand, goes beyond poverty eradication and stretches to factors and processes that could enhance or hinder individual’s ability to make a living. This paper gives a brief historical over...