This manuscript will be published as Chapter 5 in Wiley’s textbook Mathematical Tools for Physicists, 2nd edition, edited by Michael Grinfeld from the University of Strathclyde. The chapter provides an introduction to the basic concepts of Algebraic Topology with an emphasis on motivation from applications in the physical sciences. It finishes with a brief review of computational work in algebr...

We present a toy model for five-dimensional heterotic M-theory where bulk three-branes, originating in 11 dimensions from M five-branes, are modelled as kink solutions of a bulk scalar field theory. It is shown that the vacua of this defect model correspond to a class of topologically distinct M-theory compactifications. Topology change can then be analysed by studying the time evolution of the...

In a recent paper, probabilistic processes are used to generate Borel probability measures on topological spaces X that are equipped with a representation in the sense of Type-2 Theory of Effectivity. This gives rise to a natural representation of the set M(X) of Borel probability measures on X. We compare this representation to a canonically constructed representation which encodes a Borel pro...

Detecting termination of a distributed computation is a fundamental problem in distributed systems. We present two optimal algorithms for detecting termination of a non-diffusing distributed computation for an arbitrary topology. Both algorithms are optimal in terms of message complexity and detection latency. The first termination detection algorithm has to be initiated along with the underlyi...

Moser’s argument is one of the fundamental techniques in symplectic topology. We shall sketch its main ideas first. Various applications are given in the individual sections below. Let M be a smooth manifold (not necessarily closed), and let ωt ∈ Ω2(M), t ∈ [0, 1], be a smooth family of 2-forms on M each of which is closed and nondegenerate. We further assume that there exists a smooth family o...

The prevalent strategy in the topology optimization phase is to select a subset of members existing in an excessively connected truss, called Ground Structure, such that the overall weight or cost is minimized. Although finding a good topology significantly reduces the overall cost, excessive growth of the size of topology space combined with existence of varied types of design variables challe...

motivated by the recent study on categorical properties of latticevalued topology, the paper considers a generalization of the notion of topological system introduced by s. vickers, providing an algebraic and a coalgebraic category of the new structures. as a result, the nature of the category   topsys   of s. vickers gets clari ed, and a metatheorem is stated, claiming that (latticevalu...

Let M be a convex cocompact, acylindrical hyperbolic 3-manifold of infinite volume, and let M∗ denote the interior of the convex core of M . In this paper we show that any geodesic plane inM∗ is either closed or dense. We also show that only countably many planes are closed. These are the first rigidity theorems for planes in convex cocompact 3-manifolds of infinite volume that depend only on t...

A new characterization of tree medians is presented: we show that a vertex m is a median of a tree T with n vertices iff there exists a partition of the vertex set into n/2 disjoint pairs (excluding m when n is odd), such that all the paths connecting the two vertices in any of the pairs pass through m. We show that in this case this sum is the largest possible among all such partitions, and we...

Let L be a complete lattice. We introduce and characterize the prime L-submodules of a unitary module over a commutative ring with identity. Finally, we investigate the Zariski topology on the prime L-Spectrum of a unitary module, consisting of the collection of all prime L-submodules, and prove that for L-top modules the Zariski topology on L-Spec(M) exists. © 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights res...