We tested whether growth and maintenance costs of plant organs vary with environmental stress. Quercus ilex L. seedlings from acorns collected from natural populations in the northern Iberian Peninsula and in a lower elevation and putatively less stressful habitat in the southern Iberian Peninsula were grown in pots under the same conditions. Growth and maintenance respiration were measured by ...

The National Bridge Stock of Iran consists of about 330,000 bridges, of which around 50% are older than 30 years. Since 2010, Iran Road Maintenance & Transportation Organization has started implementing a comprehensive Bridge Management System in order to manage this aged stock efficiently. To predict future conditions of bridge stock, a heuristic numerical method is presented. This methodology...

The estimated cost of software maintenance exceeds 70 percent of total software costs [1], and large portion of this maintenance expenses is devoted to regression testing. Regression testing is an expensive and frequently executed maintenance activity used to revalidate the modified software. Any reduction in the cost of regression testing would help to reduce the software maintenance cost. Tes...

Efficient and on-time maintenance plays a crucial role in reducing cost and increasing the market share of an industrial unit. Preventive maintenance is a broad term that encompasses a set of activities aimed at improving the overall reliability and availability of a system before machinery breakdown. The previous studies have addressed the scheduling of preventive maintenance. These studies ha...

BACKGROUND Multiple myeloma (MM) is a cancer caused by malignant plasma cells that accumulate mostly in the bone marrow. In Canada, the most common maintenance therapy options after autologous stem cell transplant (ASCT) are bortezomib and lenalidomide. OBJECTIVE To determine the incremental cost between bortezomib and lenalidomide maintenance therapies for patients with MM post ASCT. METHO...

AIMS To determine the cost-effectiveness of buprenorphine maintenance therapy for opiate addiction in the United States, particularly its effect on the HIV epidemic. DESIGN We developed a dynamic model to capture the effects of adding buprenorphine maintenance to the current opiate dependence treatment system. We evaluated incremental costs, including all health-care costs, and incremental ef...

Nowadays, production systems seek to integrate production and maintenance activities. An effective maintenance plan can improve maintenance stability and system performance. Machines that stop for repairing operation impose a high cost on the system. On the other hand, there are always some intangible situations during a production process in which repairing activities can be carried out. If th...

BACKGROUND First-line maintenance erlotinib in patients with locally advanced or metastatic nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC) has demonstrated significant overall survival and progression-free survival benefits compared with best supportive care plus placebo, irrespective of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) status (SATURN trial). The cost-effectiveness of first-line maintenance erlotinib...

In this paper, we focus on the optimal software testing/maintenance problem considered in Rinsaka and Dohi (2004), and develop a stochastic model in discrete operation circumstance, under the difference between the software testing environment and the operational environment can be characterized by an environment parameter. More precisely, the total expected software cost is formulated via the ...