Despite semen being the main vector of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) dissemination worldwide, the origin of the virus in this bodily fluid remains unclear. It was recently shown that several organs of the male genital tract (MGT) are infected by HIV/simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) and likely to contribute to semen viral load during the primary and chronic stages of the infection. These...

Background: Methylphenidate commonly known as Ritalin is one of the most common medications. The administration of Ritalin leads to increase of the activity of central nervous system. Because of this property, Ritalin may be used for maintaining alertness and improving of attention which may lead to increase of the risk of substance abuse in some cases. There is a little data about the effects ...

The gross anatomy of the accessory glands of the human male genital tract has been known for many centuries but even today there is only scant knowledge about the function of these organs. Reference to the text of Mann (1964) and to books edited by Greep and Astwood (1975) and Brandes (1974) provide a wealth of information about mammalian accessory gland function but serve only to emphasize how...

Birth control measures available are primarily for women which hormonal supplements that increasing cancer risks and reproductive health issues. Male contraceptive options effective available, i.e. barrier methods vasectomy. Condoms failure-prone single-use, while a vasectomy is permanent sterilization method done surgically, reversion not always successful expensive. A promising oral male drug...

Background: Infertility is a major clinical and worldwide reproductive problem that affects approximately 15% of young couples. The male factors are responsible for periphery 50 percent of these cases. Recently, the generation of oxidative stress, also described as an imbalance between the production of Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the body’s antioxidant defence mechanisms, in the male rep...

Sexual selection operates through consecutive episodes of selection that ultimately contribute to the observed variance in reproductive success between individuals. Understanding the relative importance of these episodes is challenging, particularly because the relevant postcopulatory fitness components are often difficult to assess. Here, we investigate different episodes of sexual selection o...

BACKGROUND Relaxin is the endogenous ligand of the G-protein coupled receptor RXFP1, previously known as LGR7. In humans relaxin can also activate, but with lower affinity, the closely related receptor for the insulin-like peptide from Leydig cells, RXFP2, previously known as LGR8. The lack of relaxin impairs male fertility but the precise distribution and the function of relaxin receptors in t...