introduction magnetic fields are capable of altering the trajectory of electron beams andcan be used in radiation therapy.theaim of this study was to produce regions with dose enhancement and reduction in the medium. materials and methods the ndfeb permanent magnets were arranged on the electron applicator in several configurations. then, after the passage of the electron beams (9 and 15 mev va...

All compounds present in the lithium-silicon binary phase diagram were synthesized and analyzed by electron energy-loss spectroscopy. In order to limit beam damage, and to develop a fast and local method of characterizing silicon negative electrodes, the valence energy-loss spectrum region was investigated, in particular the very intense plasmon peak in these alloys. Experimental spectra are in...

A partonic reball, possibly created in ultrarelativistic heavy ion collisions, will not be in equilibrium at least in its early stage. However, as indicated by transport models [1], thermalization might be achieved quickly. A complete chemical equilibration of the quarks and gluons, on the other hand, may never take place. The chemical evolution of the reball can be described by means of rate e...

Vibrational and electron kinetics, as well as electronic excited states and ionization kinetics, have been coupled self consistently solving master and Boltzmann equation at the same time. These kinetics have been inserted in a quasi one-dimensional code for the high enthalpy nozzle expansion. INTRODUCTION The supersonic expansion through a nozzle flow is characterised by strong non-equilibrium...

Introduction: In electron beam treatment, because of the non-point electron beam source, inverse-square law cannot be applied for dosimetry in different treatment intervals. Therefore, providing source-surface distance (SSD) charts in all clinics is of paramount importance. This study aimed to determine the effective SSD for various electron beam energies and field sizes and to...

A theory for the single-channel hollow cathode (SCHC) that includes the relevant physical processes and predicts the operating parameters is presented. A SCHC consists of a cylindrical channel approximately ten diameters in length through which a working gas (taken as lithium vapor here) flows and exits as a plasma. A high current (1-100 A) is conducted into the channel by the plasma and to the...