BACKGROUND During the 1990s, the government of Tanzania introduced the decentralization by devolution (D by D) approach involving the transfer of functions, power and authority from the centre to the local government authorities (LGAs) to improve the delivery of public goods and services, including health services. OBJECTIVE This article examines and documents the experiences facing the imple...

Online information technologies are becoming essential tools for urban planning as they support information sharing and participatory decision making in the planning process. Therefore this paper underlines the importance of online planning and e-participation, examines household use of information technology, and discusses the digital divide problem. This paper also explores Australian local g...

In Australia, when stormwater systems were first introduced over 100 years ago, they were constructed independently of the sewer systems, and they are normally the responsibility of the third level of government, i.e., local government or city councils. Because of the increasing age of these stormwater systems and their worsening performance, there are serious concerns in a significant number o...

Online information technologies are becoming essential tools for urban planning as they support information sharing and participatory decision making in the planning process. Therefore this paper underlines the importance of online planning and e-participation, examines household use of information technology, and discusses the digital divide problem. This paper also explores Australian local g...

In the debate about partisan election administration, little attention has been focused on the views of local election officials. Election officials can be purveyors of partisanship as well as observers of the election administration environment. We use a series of national surveys of local election officials to examine the degree to which local officials of opposing parties have different poli...

AIM This research examined 1) the extent and nature of smokefree outdoor area (SFOA) policies in New Zealand, and 2) the process of developing, implementing and promoting compliance with a SFOA policy. METHOD An online survey was carried out with 43 of the 67 Local and District Councils, supplemented by other means. The survey assessed whether the council had a smokefree policy and if so, wha...

the study describes and evaluates inter-organizational communication and relationships involving rural development management of community lands within specific perimetros florestais in portugal. the research design is an exploratory research study approach that collected information with a mail questionnaire, interviews and information gleaned from community land association meetings and an in...

Teaching  English  in  an  Iranian  and  Islamic  culture  poses  complex  questions  for  both  teachers and learners. In this paper, the authors intend to shed light on what it means to teach English as a  foreign  language  (TEFL)  in  an  Islamic-Iranian  context.  Having  reviewed  the  colonial  and postmodern views of English language teaching, the authors took a look beyond the current ...