Collins (1985) has described two separate mouse strains, obtained by selective breeding, which differ in having high (HI) or low (LO) degrees of paw preference on a standard test. In this paper I argue that the differences between these strains may not be due to a specific gene (or genes) but, instead, probably reflect differences in the total heterozygosity of the strains, such that the HI str...

Due to the anti-diabetic and antioxidant activity of green tea epigallocatechin-gallate (EGCG), this research study was conducted to evaluate, for the first time, the efficacy of chronic treatment of EGCG on alleviation of hyperalgesia in streptozotocin-diabetic (STZ-diabetic) rats. Male Wistar rats were divided into control, diabetic, EGCG-treated-control and diabetic and sodium salicylate (SS...

Myricitrin is a nitric oxide (NO) and protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor that has central nervous system activity, including anxiolytic-like action. Nitric oxide inhibitors blocked the behavioral effects of apomorphine, suggesting an antipsychotic-like effect. Furthermore, PKC inhibition reduced psychotic symptoms in acute mania patients and blocked amphetamine-induced hyperlocomotion, suggesting...

Introduction: Research related to alternative medicine from natural ingredients that can relieve the effects of inflammation is important, especially reduce unwanted side antiinflammatory drugs. Cinnamomum burmannii (Nees & T. Nees) Blume a native Indonesian species which contains essential oils and reported for its anti-inflammatory effect. Therefore, this research was conducted determine meta...

BACKGROUND The effect of the type of trigger system on inspiratory effort has been studied in intubated patients, but no data are available in non-invasive mechanical ventilation where the "trigger variable" may be even more important since assisted modes of ventilation are often employed from the beginning of mechanical ventilation. METHODS The effect of flow triggering (1 and 5 1/min) and p...

Clerodendron colebrookianum Walp., (Fam: Verbenaceae) locally known is "NEFAFU" is widely used for curing various diseases. Here some pharmacological properties of this plant were studied using rat & mice of either sex. Methanol extract (MLE) of various concentrations (50, 100, 200 mg/kg of body wt) were tested on animals. Carrageenin induced rat paw oedema model with three hours for oedema for...

The ability of pretreatment by the selective cholecystokinin-B (CCK(B)) receptor antagonist L-365,260 (0.2 mg/kg s.c.) to prevent the development of tolerance to the antinociceptive action of morphine was evaluated by a well-established rat model of unilateral peripheral mononeuropathy. The 4-day pretreatment regimens (saline, L-365,260 or morphine alone, or with the combination of L-365,260 an...

A wide variety of human and animal experiments suggest that the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) is one of the key brain substrates subserving higher order processing of noxious information. However, no sufficient data are now available regarding the mediation by ACC of different levels of pain processing as well as its potential descending modulation of spinal nociception. Using the well-develo...