In this paper, a direct synthesis approach to fractional order controller design Is investigated. The proposed algorithm makes use of Taylor series of both desired closed-loop and actual closed-loop transfer function which is truncated to the first five terms. FOPID Controller parameters are synthesized in order to match the closed-loop response of the plant to the desired closed-loop response....

abiotic stress are the main factors causing low growth and yield in crops. osmotic stress is an important stress and in case of salinity stress is presuming at the first step. there are different experimental and computational methods to study plant response to stress and lead to better understanding of mechanism involved in these conditions and improvement of plant tolerance to stress. upstrea...

The evolution of mutualisms under novel selective pressures will play a key role in ecosystem responses to environmental change. Because fixed nitrogen is traded in plant–rhizobium mutualisms, increasing N availability in the soil is predicted to alter coevolution of these interactions. Legumes typically decrease the number of associations (nodules) with rhizobia in response to nitrate, but the...

to study the effect of plant density on seed yield and yield components of two lentil cultivars a field experiment using factorial design based on a complete block design was conducted with three replications at research farm of college of agriculture and natural resources, university of tehran (karaj) in 2008. treatments were lentil varieties (ziba, mardom), and plant densities (80, 160, 240, ...

Plants are frequently attacked by herbivores and pathogens and therefore have acquired constitutive and induced defenses during the course of their evolution. Here we review recent progress in the study of the early signal transduction pathways in host plants in response to herbivory. The sophisticated signaling network for plant defense responses is elicited and driven by both herbivore-induce...

Once seen as anomalous, facilitative interactions among plants and their importance for community structure and functioning are now widely recognized. The growing body of modelling, descriptive and experimental studies on facilitation covers a wide variety of terrestrial and aquatic systems throughout the globe. However, the lack of a general body of theory linking facilitation among different ...

(1) Competitive ability can be compared between species in two ways: effect of different neighbour species on performance of a single target species or response of different arget species to a single neighbour species. In a 5-week glasshouse experiment, an additive design was used for all combinations of seven species as both target and neighbour species to determine if there were consistent hi...

Nutrient response networks are likely to have been among the first response networks to evolve, as the ability to sense and respond to the levels of available nutrients is critical for all organisms. Although several forward genetic screens have been successful in identifying components of plant sugar-response networks, many components remain to be identified. Toward this end, a reverse genetic...