Many security protocols have the aim of authenticating one agent acting as initiator to another agent acting as responder and vice versa. Sometimes, the authentication fails because of executing several parallel sessions of a protocol, and because an agent may play both the initiator and responder role in parallel sessions. We take advantage of the notion of transition systems to specify authen...

The immune response to certain synthetic polypeptide antigens and native proteins has been shown to be controlled by immune response (Ir) genes, which reside in the murine major histoeompatibility complex (MHC) 1 (reviewed in 1). The expression of such Ir gene control has been localized to T cells, B cells, and/or antigen-presenting cells (2-4). Support for the concept of Ir gene expression in ...

INTRODUCTION Landmines are indiscriminate weapons that mainly injure poor populations in the developing world. Pre-hospital treatment by village-based paramedics and first responders has reduced mortality, but little is known about the social impact of paramedic and first responder training in villages. The aim of this study was to understand how villagers in socially deprived, mine-infested vi...

context hepatitis b virus expanded program on immunization (epi) started on 1993 in iran. most surveys have assessed the level of response to vaccine by measuring the titers of anti-hbs. this meta- analysis aimed to summarize the iranian published data on the rate of vaccine-responders versus non-responders. moreover, the impact of variables such as age, gender, type of vaccine, etc. on the lev...

Background Ultrasound measurement of the inferior vena cava diameter and its respiratory variability are amongst the predictors of fluid volume status. The primary purpose of the present study was to compare the consistency of inferior vena cava diameter measurements and the collapsibility index, obtained with convex and cardiac transducers. A secondary aim was to assess the agreement of the pa...

T cell suppression exerted by regulatory T cells represents a well-established phenomenon, but the mechanisms involved are still a matter of debate. Recent data suggest that anergic T cells can suppress responder T cell activation by inhibiting Ag presentation by dendritic cells (DC). In this study, we focused our attention on the mechanisms that regulate the susceptibility of DC to suppressive...

A soluble allogeneic effect factor (AEF) was produced by using H-2 congenic mouse strains and a serum.free cell culture medium. An AEF derived from untreated activated responder cells and irradiated stimulator cells provided helper cell function in a primary and secondary antibody response for both T-cell-depleted responder B cells and stimulator B cells. This interaction may be determined by g...

Elucidating the regulation of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) in pancreatic islet β cells is important for understanding and treating diabetes. MIN6 cells, a transformed β-cell line derived from a mouse insulinoma, retain GSIS and are a popular in vitro model for insulin secretion. However, in long-term culture, MIN6 cells' GSIS capacity is lost. We previously isolated a subclone, M...

BACKGROUND Although electroacupuncture (EA) relieves various types of pain, individual differences in the sensitivity to EA analgesia have been reported, causing experimental and clinical difficulties. Our functional genomic study using cDNA microarray identified that 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), a well-known factor in the regulation of energy homeostasis, is the most highly expresse...