Abstract I consider a problem for functional reductionism based on the following tension. Say that b is functionally reduced to . On one hand, and turn out be identical, identity symmetric relation. other implies are asymmetrically related: if , then not Thus we ask, how can related they same thing? propose solution this tension by distinguishing between ontological levels of description.

stochastic approach to vehicle routing problem: development and theories abstract in this article, a chance constrained (ccp) formulation of the vehicle routing problem (vrp) is proposed. the reality is that once we convert some special form of probabilistic constraint into their equivalent deterministic form then a nonlinear constraint generates. knowing that reliable computer software for lar...

An exciting synergistic interaction occurs among researchers working at the interface of reproductive biology and energy homeostasis. Reproductive biologists benefit from the theories, experimental designs, and methodologies used by experts on energy homeostasis while they bring context and meaning to the study of energy homeostasis. There is a growing recognition that identification of candida...

most theories of the developmental state assume that industrial transformation requires capable and coherent development bureaucracies that are “autonomous,” in the sense of being insulated from particularistic private interests. these theories however benefit from networks connecting them to relevant private industrial actors. by all scholarly accounts, political factionalism and islamic insti...

the emergence and the development of the economic, social and political institutions of eu, all aimed to boarder and deeper the european integration (ei), are provided a valuable site for the conceptualization of the ei. an understanding of the development of eu studies as an academic sub discipline is best developed through the explanation of theoretical work, past and present. heoretical stud...

Contra an expanding number of deflationary commentators on Wittgenstein, I argue that philosophical questions about meaning are meaningful and that Wittgenstein gave us ample reason to believe so. Deflationists are right in claiming that Wittgenstein rejected the sceptical problem about meaning allegedly to be found in his later writings and also right in stressing Wittgenstein’s anti-reduction...