Breast cancer (BC) is the most common malignancy in women and the leading cause of cancer death in females worldwide, accounting for 23% (1.38 million) of total new cancer cases and 14% (458,400) of the total cancer deaths in 2008. In the USA, the estimated number of new cases of BC in 2012 was 226,870, of which 39,510 resulted in death (American Cancer Society, 2012). The incidence rates of br...

how to cite this article: inaloo s, haghbin s. multiple sclerosis in children. iran j child neurol. 2013 spring;7(2):1-10.   multiple sclerosis (ms) is the most important immune-mediated demyelinated disease of human which is typically the disease of young adults. a total of 4% to 5% of ms population are pediatric. pediatric ms is defined as the appearance of ms before the age of sixteen. about...

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the fifth most common worldwide tumor and is the third most common cause of cancer-related deaths in the world and in China (Cha et al., 2012; Takeuchi et al., 2012; Yang et al., 2012). Various factors have been associated with the initiation and development of HCC,including chronic infection of hepatitis viruses;age;sex;alcohol abuse;aflatoxin; diabetes mellit...

Breast cancer is the most frequently diagnosed cancer and the leading cause of cancer death among females, accounting for 23% of the total cancer cases and 14% of the cancer deaths (Jemal et al., 2011). Breast cancer is now also the leading cause of cancer death among females in economically developing countries, a shift from the previous decade during which the most common cause of cancer deat...

Urinary bladder cancer is the 7 most common cancer in Western Europe (Ferlay et al., 2012). The most relevant risk factors are occupational exposure to aromatic amines and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons as well as cigarette smoking (Golka et al., 2012, 2009, 2004; Schwender et al., 2012). Moreover, polymorphisms of phase II metabolizing enzymes are well-known since decades to increase bladder...

References 1 Schmitz S, Adams R, Walsh CD, et al. A mixed treatment comparison of the efficacy of anti-TNF agents in rheumatoid arthritis for methotrexate non-responders demonstrates differences between treatments: a Bayesian approach. Ann Rheum Dis 2012; 71: 225–230. 2 Pearce F, Johnson SR, Courtney P. Interstitial lung disease following certolizumab pegol. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2012; 51: 578–...

The use of DNA sequences of diverse genetic loci has revolutionized our understanding of the systematic relationships among many different organisms. One such unexpected discovery was that two African galliform species, the Stone Partridge Ptilopachus petrosus Gmelin, 1789, and Nahan’s Francolin Francolinus nahani Dubois, 1905, represent a relictual clade sister to the New World Quail (Odontoph...