Despite numerous studies regarding the development history of Naqsh-e Jahan Square, there are still many questions which have not been accurately answered to date. Some of them include the history of the square, the exact date of initiation and completion of construction of different elements of the square, and the order of their completion. This article tries to answer these questions accurate...

Mir Ali Heravi (died in 1545) is one of the greatest masters in Nasta’liq script who was famous and popular while he was alive among Uzbek, Indian and Ottoman governors. Majnoun Rafiqi is also one of the poets and calligraphers who is contemporary with Mir Ali and has written three treatises about teaching calligraphy. He was famous in his own period of time but since he did not have well-known...

Mir Ali Heravi (died in 1545) is one of the greatest masters in Nasta’liq script who was famous and popular while he was alive among Uzbek, Indian and Ottoman governors. Majnoun Rafiqi is also one of the poets and calligraphers who is contemporary with Mir Ali and has written three treatises about teaching calligraphy. He was famous in his own period of time but since he did not have well-known...

Although the flourishing of steel art is associated with the Safavid period, the Qajar era can also be considered as the summit of steel applications, particularly in making tools. Two groups of trades, producers and users, have used the tools. Diversity of the tools is representative of dramatic development in terms of form and function in this period. The characteristics of steel products in ...

Historic papers contain valuable information about national, cultural, artistic and historical identity and values of every civilization. Identification of paper materials such as fiber type, sizing, and other materials can significantly help to obtain valuable information concerning old civilizations, their attitude, culture, geographical origin, and etc. However, there are some manuscripts th...

Chahar-Baghis oneof the most famousstreetsof Isfahan and perhaps,Iran.Chahar-Bagh, as agreenstreet, had a certaingeometric pattern which included the rowsof trees, roads,sidewalks and central stream.Chahar-Bagh Street was actually a lineal urban space which stretched from the north to the south, towards Naghsh Jahan square (EmamSquare) as the central urban space of Esfahan and together managed ...

Understanding Islamic architecture requires perception and receiving space, and the space of Islamic architecture contains meanings that can not be understood only by the senses. Space, as the most basic concept of architecture, is always conceived in a specific definite, which is received through sensory perception, so it has a certain limit, and finite. On the other hand, mosques are the most...

Writers of the travel logs in the second period of Safavid rule have given narrative accounts of the status of ethnic-religious minorities, through which the identity issue of minorities and its role in diverging them from the body of government can be identified. In these narratives, both the minority groups that entered into Iran as a result of Shah Abbas's structural policies, and the ethnic...