Cervicofacial pain can occur due to elongated styloid process or calcifi cation of stylomandibular ligament or stylohyoid ligament. Other factors also include chronic tonsillitis and tonsillopharyngitis. When the etiology of cervicofacial is elongated styloid process and/or ossifi cation of ligament stylomandibular or stylohyoid it is referred as Eagle syndrome. Here, we are presenting the repo...

Selection components analysis was performed in lines of Drosophila melanogaster at three times during substitution backcrossing. The initial two lines were inbred isofemale lines from natural populations in California, and one had the spread wing mutation eagle. The selection components analysis revealed aspects of the genetic structure of the determinants of fitness by demonstrating changes in...

According to most accounts, alarm calling in non-human primates is a biologically hardwired behaviour with signallers having little control over the acoustic structure of their calls. In this study, we compared the alarm calling behaviour of two adjacent populations of Diana monkeys at Taï forest (Ivory Coast) and Tiwai Island (Sierra Leone), which differ significantly in predation pressure. At...

Leks often attract predators as well as mates, yet most evolutionary models have assumed that sexual selection, not predation, drives lekking behavior. We explored the influence of predation on lek dynamics using a stochastic dynamic game model based on the lek-breeding greater sage grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus) and its principal avian predator, the golden eagle (Aquila chrysaetos). The mo...

Prevalence of hemoparasites has been investigated in many avian species throughout Europe and North America. Basic hematologic surveys are the first step toward evaluating whether host-parasite prevalences observed in North America and Europe occur elsewhere in the world. We collected blood smears from 94 nestling imperial eagles (Aquila heliaca), five nestling steppe eagles (Aquila nipalensis)...

Introduction A recent viewing ofthe painting, Prometheus Bound by Peter Paul Rubens (Boston Museum of Fine Arts Exhibition, 1993), brings to mind the role ofthe liver in the myth of Prometheus. Rubens' powerful scene (completed 1618) depicts an enchained Prometheus writhing in the foreground with an eagle pecking at the exposed liver (Figure 1)1. In the legend, the eagle's meal is repeated ever...